Socio-psychological characteristics of personality article

A socio-psychological characteristic is a set of certain socio-psychological phenomena that characterize the properties, characteristics and qualities of an individual, various social groups, groups, etc., caused either by factors of the social environment, its influence, or by factors of a psychological nature.

The formation and development of an individual, social groups, and collectives are influenced by relationships within groups and individuals with each other, activities, political situation, ideology, cultural heritage, religion, upbringing and much more.

Family socio-psychological characteristics

The concept of “personal social and psychological characteristics” is also applicable to a certain group, collective of people, or even a social unit, for example, a family.
It should be noted that the concept of family implies not only a generally accepted unit of a cell in modern society, but also the most ancient institution in human history

Throughout its existence, regardless of the historical era, national, political and cultural characteristics of society, the family in it goes through a certain series of stages: this is the initial formation of the family, through marriage between the future father and mother, the subsequent birth of the first child, followed by the birth of the last child and therefore the marriage of the last of the children. There is also a separate stage, often called the “empty nest” stage, which is characterized by the death of one of the spouses.

It goes without saying that family socio-psychological characteristics directly depend on the relationship between spouses, that is, the elders in the family. Of secondary importance is the peculiarity of their interactions with children, as well as the spouses’ parents, their close relatives and friends. In this case, the dominant role is played by the process of communication, as the main and unique method of information exchange. The atmosphere in the family and the relationship between husband and wife depend on the specifics of communication.

The following series of functions are identified that a full-fledged family should perform:

• An educational function that is based on the processes of socialization of the younger generation and instilling in them certain cultural and moral principles and values.
• A household and economic function, which is to most effectively maintain the health of all family members as a unit of society. Also in this case, care for children or elderly, sick people is considered.
• The economic function is the adequate use of financial and material resources, their distribution and support of disadvantaged, old or minor family members. Spiritual function. It implies spiritually rich communication, cultural development of all family members.
• A status or social function, which is based on the acceptance by all family members of certain traditional social statuses regarding their position in the family or society.
• Emotional. This function includes the need to provide any psychological or sensory support to any of the family members. Responsibility for the psychological well-being of each participant.
• Leisure function. Formation and regulation of free time for all family members. Joint recreation and free entertainment.

Personality formation

Factors

The psychological development of a person is influenced by hereditary factors, on the one hand, and factors of the physical and social environment, on the other. Mental development, like psychological development, continues throughout a person’s life. The prerequisite for individuality, the root cause for the formation of human originality, is, first of all, the environment where the future personality grows. An important role is played by the associations accumulated by a person in childhood, the model of education that instills moral guidelines, the peculiarities of the family structure and the principles of treating a child.

There is an opinion among psychologists that individuals are born. They become a person. And uniqueness must be defended in the process of life

Genes control human development from birth, just as the lifestyle of the expectant mother affects the fetus. After birth, caring for the child supports his physical life, but at the same time directly affects the mental development of the future personality.

Different stages of a person’s life take into account certain tasks of mental development. Of course, successes occur regularly, but problems often arise. Psychological information is used to find solutions to any child's developmental problems - for example, in terms of language skills or schooling.

There are a number of opinions about which age periods of the individual are most important for the whole life. Psychology of life is the detailed study of human development at each stage of life. Individual development can be viewed through different methodologies and perspectives.

Stages of psychological development of personality, their features and connections with changes in physiology

Childhood. A child's first task is to learn that the world is a safe place and people can be trusted. That is why it is important that what is perceived and viewed by the baby during this period of life is appropriate for his age.

The children's sensory world, due to its immaturity, is still very small. Children under three years of age observe everything at a subconscious level of understanding. By school age, the boundaries of fairy tales and truth begin to be perceived visibly and tangibly.

Adolescence. The most important thing in adolescence is the formation of personality: who I am, how I behave. Today, thanks to technology such as social media, you can even get reactions to your own comments and photos. At the same time, it all becomes surprisingly fragile: feedback can become a problem if she is not resilient enough to accept it.

Youth. This is a period of active self-determination and self-searching. There is often a strong tendency to create idols and negative self-identification in order to strive for a feeling of personal irresistibility. At the end of this stage, people often come to independence and a clear definition of their future life path.

Youth, which lasts approximately from 20 to 25 years, has such characteristic features as the desire to create a family and personal attachments, including intimacy. In first place in importance comes such a feeling as love, a feeling of attachment to a loved one, caring for him.

Maturity is one of the longest periods of personal formation. During this time, a person who has already achieved certain successes in life no longer focuses on his own personality, but on others. He strives to share his accumulated experience, unique knowledge, skills, and finally, simply life wisdom.

Aging. During this phase of development, an active rethinking of one’s actions occurs. Therefore, it is very important for a feeling of happiness to be able to find joyful moments in the past and, of course, maintain physical health as much as possible.

Today, more and more people are able to live to a ripe old age. We need to work to make old age a meaningful and conscious stage of life.

Character as a psychological characteristic of personality

Definition 3

Character is a complex of stable personality traits that characterize a person’s attitude towards himself and the people around him; it is formed and strengthened under the influence of life circumstances, a person’s upbringing style and behavior.

The character of a person depends on the goals that give direction to his activities.

Orientation is a selective attitude towards reality that defines a person and influences his activities.

Attentiveness is considered a mental characteristic of orientation. Attentiveness is revealed in both involuntary and voluntary attention

When a person concentrates attention on many things, then this is involuntary attentiveness. Conscious, intentional attentiveness is an indicator of such significant strong-willed character traits as perseverance and endurance

A personality trait is a stable and unchanging pattern of behavior. They are divided into:

• leading traits that determine the manifestation of personality;
• secondary ones, which are subordinate to the leading ones or are not always detected, are less manifested.

It is the leading character traits that characterize a person’s activity and attitude towards assessing the world around him. Yet not every attitude that a person expresses speaks volumes about his character.

It is necessary to take into account circumstances and willpower when a person decides what reaction to show.

How to determine the level of personality development

The level at which a person’s problem is located, its development, can be determined by its relationships. As a rule, undeveloped persons are limited to mercantile interests. If it is highly developed, then this indicates that relations of social significance predominate in it, and numerous individual abilities are observed both for social relations and for self-development. Each individual throughout his life is engaged in solving quite complex problems, and the essence is largely manifested in the way he solves these very problems. After all, each person solves difficulties using different methods. Understanding an individual means understanding what his priority life values ​​are, what principles he is guided by when solving problems. The problem of personality lies in self-awareness and self-improvement, which must be continuous.

Classification

Social and psychological phenomena of social psychology and their manifestations depend on many things. From the communities, small and large groups in which they arise.

Also on their type. Communities can be both organized and unorganized. The phenomena that arise in them are called mass-like (this will be discussed below), and the behavior is called spontaneous.

The class of psychological phenomena also matters. Phenomena can be rationally meaningful (opinion, belief, values), emotionally ordered (mood, social feelings), functioning in certain conditions (for example, in extreme or conflict situations). And of course, they can be both conscious and unconscious.

Abilities as individual psychological characteristics of a person

Definition 4

Abilities are individual psychological qualities that distinguish one person from another and are related to the effectiveness of activities.

When talking about abilities, you need to keep the following in mind:

• these are the characteristics that distinguish one person from another;
• abilities serve the effective implementation of activities;
• Abilities are characterized by the ability to transfer developed skills and abilities to a new situation.

Special abilities – abilities for established types of activities (abilities in mathematics, music, pedagogy, etc.).

General abilities are the ability to form special abilities.

Definition 5

Giftedness is a qualitatively specific combination of abilities, on which the possibility of achieving greater or lesser success in performing a particular activity depends.

The basis of abilities is made up of inclinations.

Note 3

Inclinations are natural prerequisites that seem to be a circumstance in the formation of abilities, not only in the sense that they give originality to the process of their formation, but also in the sense that, within certain limits, they can predetermine the content side and influence the degree of achievement.

The formation of abilities largely depends on the conditions that make it possible to realize inclinations.

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LIST OF PERSONAL QUALITIES

All properties inherent in a person, which manifest themselves to one degree or another throughout her life, are related in pairs, and have a positive and negative component in their direction. The direction of manifestation, in relation to the existence of a personality, in this case, is called the quality of personality, as a certain tendency in the properties of the personal structure, which are not explicitly observed, but reflect the processes occurring in the surrounding world and the human body.

Personality qualities can be arranged as follows, in accordance with the definitions given to them here. (The terms used to name qualities are selected according to the degree of greatest correspondence between their interpretation existing in society and the definitions given to them here, according to which they are divided among themselves).

The belonging of qualities to one or another subplane is not arbitrary, but reflects the relationships that exist between them, which is expressed in the definitions given to them.

The total number of qualities used to describe any personality is 192. The names of qualities (the terms used) are quite conventional and serve as some labels for convenience of presentation (each name is assigned a definition, which is the “content” of a specific quality used in building a personal structure).

The possible intensity of manifestation of these qualities is associated with the moment of birth (the beginning of the formation of an independent personality structure) as a potential opportunity for one or another personality to form and further develop within such limits. Whether it will be fully realized depends mainly on the educational influence of others (primarily parents) and the state of the environment.

Personality Qualities - Spiritual Plan

Inner Sphere (qualities reflecting intrapersonal properties)

Qualities that reflect the positive manifestation of personality traits in the process of its formation and development

REAMY - the ability to perceive new spiritual states that are not currently being realized in the environment.

WILL - the ability to distinguish one’s spiritual states, resolve spiritual conflicts, influence the spiritual state, thoughts and feelings of others.

COURAGE - the ability not to be afraid to perceive something new, maybe tragic, based on a strong state of mind.

RESPONSIBILITY - empathy and response to the state of others, all living things, the emergence of a desire to help, alleviate the suffering of the unfortunate, etc.

JOY is the internal state of “the soul sings” and its manifestation in the process of communication with others and internal life.

SENSITIVITY - the ability to perceive the spiritual state of others.

KINDNESS is the desire and constant need to do good to others, caused by a spontaneously arising internal state.

CONSCIENCE is the ability to have a spiritual response to what is happening, manifested, among other things, as “love for one’s neighbor,” even in the presence of negative emotions.

Qualities that reflect the negative manifestation of personality traits in the process of its formation and development

PASSIVITY - the desire to remain invisible for fear of causing an unfavorable response from the outside, often associated with spiritual fatigue or weakness of spirit

SELFISHNESS is the desire to satisfy one’s spiritual needs at the expense or to the detriment of others.

STABILITY - the impossibility of changes in the spiritual state when the environment changes.

DISAPPOINTMENT - inability to perceive personally significant values, internal immediacy.

IMITATION - susceptibility to external influences leading to changes in internal “landmarks”.

INTENSITY is the desire to convey one’s spiritual state to others, often accompanied by the hope of some kind of help or support.

DISTRUST - a spiritual lack of perception of others due to fear of showing one's feelings or sharing thoughts, often based on previous negative experiences.

SINCERE is an open manifestation of one’s condition, associated with a desire for self-soothing, often due to the inability to take on too much responsibility for what is happening.

Interpersonal Sphere (qualities responsible for “mutual resonance”)

Qualities that reflect the positive manifestation of personality traits in the process of its formation and development

SENSITIVITY - unconditional perception of the partner’s states and the emergence of an internal spiritual response.

CONGRUENCE - the ability to be yourself, the ability to express your spiritual state to your partner.

CONFRONTABILITY - readiness to express one’s spiritual state, with the hope of establishing sincere relationships.

GENEROSITY - caring about the spiritual state of a partner more than about one’s own.

ALTRUISM is a selfless acceptance of a partner’s autonomy, contributing to the expansion of his spiritual capabilities.

IMMEDIATENESS - the ability to perceive the spiritual world of children and participate in their games “on an equal footing.”

EMPATHY is the ability to perceive “on the fly” the changing spiritual states of a partner, and manifest this in communication.

OPENNESS is an open manifestation of one's spiritual state to a partner to improve relationships, but not exhibitionism.

Qualities that reflect the negative manifestation of personality traits in the process of its formation and development

DEPRESSION is the desire to “withdraw into oneself,” usually based on an inadequate perception of reality and, as a consequence, the lack of hope to change anything, self-immunity.

ATTACHMENT - the desire to limit oneself to maintaining a once established spiritual connection with a partner, not noticing changes in oneself and the partner.

SARCASM is the desire to isolate oneself from a partner due to his lack of perception and loss of faith in the possibility of improving relations.

Vanity is a manifestation of the internal instability of one’s own “I” in relationships with a partner.

ALIENATION is a manifestation of the enslavement of the spirit in communication with a partner, reliance on the schematic nature of relationships.

FROZEN - living in past spiritual states, often idealized, the desire to “adjust” your relationship with your partner to them.

JEALOUSY is a manifestation of spiritual self-torture, often based on an inferiority complex and internal self-doubt.

OBSESSION - artificially playing out “childishness” in order to gain internal stability, fear of being left with oneself.

External Sphere (qualities that reflect the properties of a person in relationships with others)

Qualities that reflect the positive manifestation of personality traits in the process of its formation and development

GENERITY - the ability to free yourself from unpleasant spiritual states, and not transfer them to the source that may have caused them.

CHARM - the ability to create spiritual comfort for others.

DELICITY - the ability to communicate without conflict with others, helping to resolve possible disharmonies.

TOLERANCE - the ability to perceive the environment as it is, and not try to immediately transform it.

SENSITIVITY is the ability to provide spiritual support at the right time to someone who needs it.

HONESTY is the ability to objectively perceive the environment and show this in relationships.

GENERALITY - the ability to perceive misfortunes in the world around us as our own and “root for everyone with our soul.”

PARTICIPATION - the ability to perceive the misfortunes of others as one’s own and provide appropriate assistance.

Qualities that reflect the negative manifestation of personality traits in the process of its formation and development

ALERT - fear of influence from others that can unsettle you, usually based on internal conflicts with yourself.

UNCONTAINMENT is the inability to behave adequately with others, excessive manifestation of one’s own “I”.

DIPLOMATICITY is a conformity of relationships, freeing one from any active actions, somewhere akin to “my house is on the edge.”

Arrogance - self-affirmation through emphasizing one’s, usually imaginary, superiority in relation to others.

Schadenfreude - obtaining satisfaction from the spiritual discomfort around, often associated with envy - life “vampirism”.

CRUELTY - influence on the environment with the aim of destroying existing relationships for self-satisfaction.

arrogance is an attitude towards the environment as a “second class”, associated with one’s own internal failure.

NEGATIVISM is a manifestation of inadequate perception of the environment for personal self-affirmation.

Personality Qualities - Intellectual Plan

Inner Sphere (qualities reflecting intrapersonal properties)

Qualities that reflect the positive manifestation of personality traits in the process of its formation and development

AWARENESS - the ability to observe, compare, analyze phenomena and processes in the surrounding reality and their interrelations.

MEMORY - the ability to remember and retrieve necessary information from memory in the process of thinking, the ability to use accumulated experience.

PERSISTENCE - the desire for results in solving emerging tasks and problems. The ability not to abandon the conclusions received on the spur of the moment.

METHODICALITY - the ability for long-term concentration, systematicity, scrupulousness. Having sustainable interests.

RESPONSIBILITY - the ability to determine the place and meaning in life for new information about the surrounding reality.

CURIOSITY - the presence of a conscious interest in the surrounding reality, the desire to understand the World.

PASSION - the ability to “disconnect” from the environment in the process of thinking, the ability to concentrate attention and focus on achieving a goal.

INDEPENDENCE - the ability to resolve contradictions in incoming information without relying on generally accepted opinion or authorities, its practical application.

Qualities that reflect the negative manifestation of personality traits in the process of its formation and development

BIAS - an approach to emerging issues and problems from a subjective, evaluative position, the impossibility of leaving the usual “framework”, a black and white alternative.

FORGETTING - inability to remember and accumulate experience.

INDECISIBILITY - fear of drawing conclusions in the process of thinking, abandoning untenable decisions and making new ones.

Scatteredness is the simultaneous occupation of many issues, for the solution of which there is not enough energy and time, the inability to determine the main thing and concentrate on it.

ABSORPTION - failure to grasp incoming information, its essence, inability to divide information by degree of importance.

CURIOSITY - the desire to obtain new information - as an end in itself, change for the sake of change.

ABSOLUTION - jumping from problem to problem, inability to complete a solution to an issue, susceptibility to external influences.

CARELESS - inability to concentrate, self-withdrawal from attempts to influence tomorrow, living in the present moment.

Interpersonal Sphere (qualities responsible for “mutual resonance”)

Qualities that reflect the positive manifestation of personality traits in the process of its formation and development

SELF-UNDERSTANDING is an understanding of one’s own essence and level of personal value, awareness of decisions made and choices made.

UNDERSTANDING - perception of the essence and personal value of a partner, the ability to explain his actions and actions.

REVENUE - the ability to find a way out of difficult situations, relying on accumulated experience, interpret it correctly and use it to improve mutual understanding with a partner.

INFLUENCE - the ability to influence a partner, promoting his development, based on an understanding of objective laws.

ACCEPTANCE - the ability to accept the reasons and motives of a partner’s behavior, the absence of an unreasonable desire to threaten or defend.

SELF-SACRIFICATION - the ability to sacrifice, experiment with oneself, not claim the freedom and independence of a partner.

ADEQUACY - revealing oneself and one’s understanding of what is happening in a relationship with a partner, the desire for dialogue.

KINDNESS - the ability to meet halfway, showing your disposition and sympathy for your partner, readiness to support him.

Qualities that reflect the negative manifestation of personality traits in the process of its formation and development

MISUNDERSTANDING - addiction to an internally fixed way of thinking, failure to perceive information that contradicts the stereotypes of relationships with a partner.

ILLUSION - a far-fetched perception of the image of a partner and existing relationships.

BOREDITY is a manifestation of dependence on current stereotypes in planning joint activities.

NAIVITY - the desire for a fictitious, simplified ideal of relationships, selective perception of what is happening and the partner.

SELF-LOVE - ignoring a partner for the purpose of self-affirmation, often based on the fear of debunking the image of one’s own “I”.

SELF-SUFFERING is a conscious desire for emotional release through a certain interpretation of a partner’s behavior.

IMMUNITY - the inability to understand the reasons and motives of a partner’s behavior, lack of readiness to search, often due to lack of confidence in one’s own abilities.

LACK OF ALTERNATIVES - rejection of other people's opinions, imposition of strict demands on a partner (often inflated), lack of flexibility in relationships.

External Sphere (qualities that reflect the properties of a person in relationships with others)

Qualities that reflect the positive manifestation of personality traits in the process of its formation and development

PRACTICALITY - the ability to determine the best way to act to achieve a personally important goal.

CONFIDENCE - having one’s own opinion, immunity to manipulation of consciousness by others, but not dogmatism.

LEARNING ABILITY - the ability to perceive information and the ability to use existing methods of knowledge transfer.

PATIENCE - the ability to “not give up” when something doesn’t go well, the ability to carry out preparatory work.

DISCIPLINE - the ability to self-organize in the process of practical activity.

SERIOUSNESS is the ability to deeply comprehend what is happening and its manifestation in communication with others.

HARDWORK - the ability and satisfaction from the process of intellectual and practical activity. Constant work of the mind.

RESPONSIBILITY - consciously taking on obligations and directing efforts towards their implementation.

Qualities that reflect the negative manifestation of personality traits in the process of its formation and development

Cunning - manipulation of the perceptions of others for the purpose of self-preservation or self-satisfaction, perhaps unconsciously.

FLIRTTHOUGHT is a superficially scattered perception of the environment, often with the goal of “not noticing” problems and the need to solve them.

RIGIDITY - inability to concentrate and difficulty in “switching” thinking when new information appears.

AGGRESSIVENESS - protection of internal limitations in development and existing stereotypes by eliminating the source of danger.

ADventURISM - insufficient understanding of reality combined with an active nature, reliance on chance.

ENVY - orientation towards simplified, fictitious or imposed values.

LAZINESS is an inability to engage in practical activity, usually based on a lack of understanding of its personally significant meaning.

RECESSITY - being carried away by the moment, resulting in the commission of ill-considered actions.

Personality Qualities - Emotional Plane

Inner Sphere (qualities reflecting intrapersonal properties)

Qualities that reflect the positive manifestation of personality traits in the process of its formation and development

IMAGINATION is the ability to create a complex of sensations that do not clearly follow from what is happening and serve as the basis for associative thinking and fantasy.

EMOTIONALITY - perception of the environment and oneself by changes in internal sensations and their emotional expression, sometimes unconscious.

DETERMINATION is the ability to expand and change one’s emotional state, which serves as the basis for making decisions for practical activities.

RELAXEDNESS - the desire to obtain new emotional states caused by internal or external influences.

AESTHETICS - the ability to perceive and create completeness, harmony and beauty of forms.

INTUITION is the ability to understand the picture of what is happening and the ways of its development based on the available fragmentary data and the emotional state they cause.

INDEPENDENCE - perception of the environment without relying on existing stereotypes or external manipulation.

LIVABILITY - the ability to perceive unexpected emotions and feelings, the absence of “obsession” with anything.

Qualities that reflect the negative manifestation of personality traits in the process of its formation and development

DEPRESSION is a state of hopelessness due to the inability to understand one’s feelings and emotions or what is happening around.

VANITY - ambition, development to unreasonable proportions.

AMBITIOUSNESS is the perception of the environment through the prism of self-affirmation, the need for which is constantly growing and determines decision-making and behavior.

EDITION - resolution of internal conflict, emotional release, through a sharp transition to another state that has become the usual norm.

Pickiness - the desire to “find the straw in the eyes of another”, “to make a molehill out of a molehill”, usually for the purpose of personal satisfaction or self-preservation.

ANXIETY is a state of internal uncertainty about the correct assessment of the environment or one’s own actions, fear of the unexpected.

SELF-AGGREGATION is the inability to “look at oneself from the outside,” based on the fear of debunking one’s own, usually invented, image.

TOUCHING - the desire to evoke a feeling of self-compassion, for the purpose of emotional satisfaction or release.

Interpersonal Sphere (qualities responsible for “mutual resonance”)

Qualities that reflect the positive manifestation of personality traits in the process of its formation and development

RESTRAINT – conflict-free perception of a partner’s emotional states, acceptance of his individuality.

CREATIVITY - the willingness to change your emotional perception of the environment depending on the state and needs of your partner.

COMPASSION - emotional unity with a partner, help in overcoming a difficult or restless mental state.

TENDERNESS is the ability to create for a partner an atmosphere conducive to receiving emotional satisfaction.

PERSPECTIVENESS - the ability to find a mutual positive emotional connection and anticipate the development of the present and its trends.

INITIATIVE - the desire to search and experiment, the ability to look at the ordinary with a fresh look.

AUTHENTICITY is an open demonstration of one’s emotional state to a partner, the ability to be oneself in a mutual relationship.

Courtesy - the ability to give compliments, create conditions for a partner to express themselves emotionally.

Qualities that reflect the negative manifestation of personality traits in the process of its formation and development

UNPREDICTABILITY is the formation of a state of uncertainty that allows one to renounce any type of responsibility for what is happening.

MASOCHISM - obtaining emotional satisfaction or emotional release from suffering of any kind

RUDE - ignoring the emotional state of a partner or one’s own and manifesting this in words, actions, and deeds.

Shyness is the economical use of one’s positive emotions by “fencing” oneself away from one’s partner.

BELLIOUSNESS - the desire to dominate by manipulating the partner’s emotional state, rejection of the partner’s right to be himself.

FALSEY - the use of tricks to keep a partner at a safe distance for oneself, often leading to a breakdown in contact with oneself.

Maliciousness is a subtle attack on a partner by creating a certain emotional state in the latter, usually as a way of self-affirmation or self-preservation.

STATICITY - rejection of the new, conventional correctness, adherence to clearly defined boundaries and frameworks in the manifestation of one’s state and demanding the same from the partner.

External Sphere (qualities that reflect the properties of a person in relationships with others)

Qualities that reflect the positive manifestation of personality traits in the process of its formation and development

BALANCE - the ability to restrain, control the manifestation of one’s feelings and emotions depending on external conditions.

ENERGY - the presence of the necessary “vital force” to achieve what is planned and the ability to use it.

ARTISTICITY is the ability to transform, “transition” into different states of human nature and perception of what is happening.

TACTICITY is a manifestation of a sympathetic attitude towards the emotional state of others.

RELIABILITY - the stability of internal states during significant changes in the surrounding reality, the manifestation of this in communication and teamwork.

COURAGE is an unconscious sense of one’s capabilities that does not clearly follow from previous experience and their use in critical situations.

LUCK is the ability to anticipate trends in the world around us and unconsciously use them for personally important purposes.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP is the ability to sense and use a situation conducive to the realization of internal aspirations.

Qualities that reflect the negative manifestation of personality traits in the process of its formation and development

SUSPICIOUSNESS - the desire to see a “backward meaning” in the actions of others that poses a threat to the internal state, often associated with past negative experiences.

INSTRUCTION - the desire to obtain emotional release at the expense of others, often associated with the presence of internal complexes.

TIMITY is the desire to protect oneself from all possible and impossible consequences of one’s activities, based on reluctance or fear to change anything about oneself.

LOVE OF POWER - the desire to realize one’s undertakings with the help of others, often due to a lack of one’s own strength or time.

WILLIESS - rejection of other people's opinions and changes in reality that contradict a previously developed attitude towards the environment.

DICTATORSHIP - the desire and practical activity to dominate others by using one’s capabilities in relation to others.

CAREERISM is a pragmatic approach to life and self-realization, self-restraint in the manifestation of one’s states in connection with a chosen or imposed lifestyle.

CONSERVATISM is the rejection of new things that require changes in the perception of the environment.

Personality qualities of the Physical plane

Inner Sphere (qualities reflecting intrapersonal properties)

Qualities that reflect the positive manifestation of personality traits in the process of its formation and development

HEALTH - stability of the “physical states” of the body under external and internal negative influences, longevity.

STRENGTH - great physical capabilities, withstanding overloads.

REACTION - the ability to “instantly” respond in the state of the body to external or internal influences.

EXPLOSIVENESS - the ability to physically concentrate.

RECOVERABILITY - the ability to endure extreme overloads without damage to the body and return to a normal state.

AGILITY - rhythmic work of the body, absence of fuss and unnecessary movements.

ENDURANCE - the ability to be exposed to prolonged external influences and the monotony of life on the physical plane without damage to the body.

TRAINABILITY - the ability to develop physically.

Qualities that reflect the negative manifestation of personality traits in the process of its formation and development

SOLENESS - susceptibility to external or internal influences on the body, leading to disruption of its vital functions.

WEAKNESS - inability to withstand overload, low level of physical development.

INERTIA - a long-term attitude towards ongoing changes in the environment, the impossibility of rapid restructuring in the functioning of the body.

Slowness - inability to concentrate for a sudden change in physical activity.

FATIGUE - inability to restore physical strength in the process of life.

UNCOORDINANCE - the inability to establish the rhythmic functioning of the body, leading to excessive consumption of physical and other types of energy.

FATIGUE - inability to live a monotonous life and the associated physical activity.

UNTRAINABILITY - inability to develop physically.

Interpersonal Sphere (qualities responsible for “mutual resonance”)

Qualities that reflect the positive manifestation of personality traits in the process of its formation and development

CHARM - cuteness, physical attractiveness, expressed in manners and behavior.

PASSION is an emotional and physiological interdependence that manifests itself in behavior and sexual relationships.

GRACE - ease and coordination of movements and behavior.

FREEDOM - experimenting with oneself, the opportunity to rebuild the interdependence of the mental and physical.

SEXUALITY - the ability and need to satisfy sexual needs.

CONSIDERATION - the ability to non-violently transition one’s body into a state that suits the partner.

Playfulness is the ability and need to create a sexual mood and its satisfaction, based on the physical properties of the body.

ACTIVITY - the ability to lead in sex, based on the physical capabilities of the body.

Qualities that reflect the negative manifestation of personality traits in the process of its formation and development

INTENSITY - lack of “zest” in manners and behavior.

COLDNESS - lack of need for physical relationships.

CLUSHNESS - awkwardness manifested in movements and behavior.

DOMINANCE - inability to yield to a partner, suppression on the physical plane during sexual relationships.

COMPLEXITY - the presence of stable psychophysical relationships and the impossibility of changing them.

INDIFFERENCE - sexual infantility, inability to play during sexual relationships

WILLINGNESS - the need for special conditions for the connection between emotional and physical states.

FRIGIDNESS - lack of relationship through the physical plane.

External Sphere (qualities that reflect the properties of a person in relationships with others)

Qualities that reflect the positive manifestation of personality traits in the process of its formation and development

COMPOSITION - the ability to mobilize the body to perform work, manifested in hard work and conscientiousness.

STABILITY - an adequate response to external influences, the ability to family life and relationships in a team.

GRACE - refined beauty, flexibility, cheerfulness, something that “pleases the eye.”

ATTRACTIVENESS - harmony, manifested in wisdom, eloquence, etc., helping to captivate others.

SWITCHABILITY is the ability to change the type or rhythm of activity, which is also manifested in public leadership.

CONTROL - the ability to change your physical and physiological needs in different conditions.

ELEGANCE - presence of taste, ability to behave in society, to be a companion, sex appeal and intelligence.

AFFECTIVITY - likability for others, based on norms of behavior and methods of communication.

Qualities that reflect the negative manifestation of personality traits in the process of its formation and development

UNBALANCE - inability to perform work, sometimes causing parasitism and personal gain.

Philistinism - difficulties in development and creativity, sometimes leading to pettiness, litigiousness, and routine in life.

AWFULNESS - inability to control oneself and one’s body in the process of life.

DISHARMONY - unevenness in development and needs, possibly fanaticism.

OBSESSION is a constant concern and inability to change the way of activity, manifested in conservatism, cynicism, hypocrisy.

UNMANAGEMENT - inability to self-govern, manifested in gourmetism, epicureanism, dependence on praise and flattery.

UNATTRACTABLE - lack of taste, unnecessary.

ANNOYING - capriciousness, pretentiousness, moralizing, leading to negative reactions from others.

Social and psychological characteristics of the group

A person does not live separately from others. Sooner or later, he classifies himself as a member of a certain group - an association in which more than two people are united by interests, common goals, activities, motives, tasks, etc. A group is a single organism that includes individuals with their own socio-psychological characteristics . This, in turn, forms the characteristics of the group with its socio-psychological orientation.

Small groups play an important role in the life of every individual. Small groups are families, teams, friends, school classes or college groups. All of them include on average up to 30 people who are united by a common cause and goals, interests and views. Here there is a greater impact on each individual.

A group is a cell to which an individual is attached. One of its characteristics is the commonality on which people unite. Cohesion is the second socio-psychological characteristic.

The composition of a group is the qualitative composition, that is, the characteristics of its members. Size is the number of group members (that is, a quantitative characteristic).

In a group, two factors become important:

1. Communication – its culture, manners, language, etc.
2. The relationships between its members are morals and ethics, rules and norms.

Personality qualities

Personality traits in psychology are understood as a unique set of traits and characteristics that are inherent to a person. They are purely personal in nature and express aspects of character, behavioral patterns in society or the surrounding world.

Personal qualities are characterized by dynamism and stability. They influence all aspects of human life, be it the choice of clothes for going out or career preferences and ambitions in professional activities.

Personality traits are classified into several types, for example:

Socio-psychological. Basic and secondary properties, a set of traits and features in the structure of an individual.

Strong-willed. For example, purposefulness, independence, determination, endurance.

Moral. These properties are adjusted by life under the influence of a combination of factors: position in the family; the influence of an educational institution or a yard company; relations in society; individual life experience, etc. Each aspect operates according to specific moral rules. They form the individual’s attitude towards himself and his environment. Based on the values ​​inherent in the inner world, moral qualities are classified into humanistic, nationalistic, racial, religious-fanatical.

Professional, for example:

verbality - language skills, excellent connections between words and concepts love and mastery of numbers - the ability to perform standard arithmetic operations with maximum accuracy and efficiency correction of numbers, three-dimensional understanding of objects detailing of objects and graphics motor coordination by the movement of limbs and eyes, coordination of signals dexterity and color perception general intelligence - a predisposition to learn, the ability to draw correct conclusions from assigned tasks

Concept and tasks

In modern psychology, the concept of “social group” is a collection of individuals who have similar features, perform the same type of activity, and perceive themselves as members of a community. The group has 3 main qualities:

• mandatory interaction between participants;
• unity of goals for which the group was created;
• all members have a characteristic unique to this community.

Social psychology of groups studies the process of group formation, its types, structure and influence on the individual. The task of the industry is to assess and forecast the development of the group, identify the characteristics of interaction, and the main criteria. Throughout life, a person simultaneously belongs to several groups and often moves from one to another. This is due to a change in activity or status: for example, a schoolchild becomes a student, a worker becomes a pensioner. In this regard, we can highlight the main task of social psychology of groups - classification according to certain criteria.

Individual, individuality, personality

The concept of “personality” is closely related to two other terms: individual and individuality. Despite their similarities, they have key differences.

An individual is a separate representative of the genus Homo Sapiens. This is “a person in general,” without emphasis on any of his individual characteristics.

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Individuality is a system of unique traits inherent in a particular person.

Each person is born an individual, then his individuality is formed, which crystallizes into a personality through interaction with the social environment.

The meaning of psychological characteristics in life

It is important to use psychological characteristics when determining tactics for raising children and adolescents and instilling practical skills. At the same time, it is possible to generate interest in socially useful areas that are important to society

Having an idea of ​​a child’s predisposition to any activity, caring parents will never miss the chance to develop their child’s creative or other abilities.

The head of a company, striving to form an active workforce, must promptly take into account the individual psychological characteristics of the recruited employees and gain an idea of ​​their mental characteristics. In such a team, correct communication connections will be formed, and common efforts will be aimed at achieving results.

Maturity

Social maturity is the ability of a person living in society to take responsibility and make decisions.

A mature person is characterized by integrity of character, predictability, and positive behavior.

A mature person is always clearly aware of his goals and strives to achieve them, without violating the interests of other members of society. Such people evaluate themselves and the people around them extremely objectively and make decisions in accordance with the circumstances.

Achieving social maturity does not eliminate the need for other people . A mature person continues to learn new experiences, reconsider his views and work on himself throughout his life. But other people for him are advisers and interlocutors, and not teachers and mentors.

History of development

Social psychology began studying groups only at the beginning of the 20th century. Previously, the object of study was the individual, not society. They examined in depth the characteristics of perception, attitudes, and interpersonal interaction, but did not try to evaluate a person as an integral part of formation.

Some psychologists completely denied the existence of groups as objects of study. This approach in social psychology was called personalistic. But in parallel with it, another way of studying developed - sociological. Its proponents argued that one cannot fully understand the motives of a person's behavior if one studies him only as an individual. A group, as an association of people, inevitably influences a person and this cannot be ignored.

The study of group processes has developed more actively in the United States. Under the leadership of K. Levin, research was carried out in the laboratory studying the dynamics, types of leadership, cohesion and other categories that determine the behavior of formations.

Already in the middle of the 20th century, personalistic and sociological psychology joined forces. This happened under the influence of government agencies interested in the emergence of new effective methods of managing industrial and military organizations. Interest in the study of various formations only increased by the end of the 20th century. Nowadays, research methods continue to expand and improve.

Does every person become an individual?

Based on the definition, at first glance it may seem that everyone. All people have their own individual characteristics that influence their behavior.

However, the matter is more complicated. Personality is a product of the individual’s socialization. It is formed only under the influence of society. If a person does not integrate into society in time and does not go through all stages of socialization step by step, then, unfortunately, he will not become a person.

The phenomenon of a person without personality can be observed in the so-called Mowgli people. These are individuals who were taken from the human environment as children and raised by animals. Even if they are returned back to society, they will never become full members of it. They simply have not formed and developed the brain functions responsible for social interaction, and the sensitive (most favorable) periods for their development have already passed. Therefore, such people have no personality.

Phenomena among the masses

Society is a form of unification of people. Accordingly, such a concept as mass psyche directly relates to the topic under discussion. Other terms also follow from it. Mass consciousness, for example. It is one of the most common. Or the mass mood. We have all heard these concepts at least once.

Here, for example, are mass phenomena of the psyche. This is the name given to certain phenomena that arise, exist and develop in fairly large social groups. These are the mass sentiments. These are mental states that affect a large number of people. The prerequisites for their occurrence are usually events of a political, social, economic and even spiritual nature. Naturally, most often negative mass sentiments are most clearly manifested. Which are capable of destroying socio-political systems that have become established in society and are disgusting to it. The turbulent events of the 'nineties showed how influential sentiments can be.

Analysis Options

The socio-psychological parameters of personality analysis are as follows:

1. Maturity . The highest level of maturity is the presence of certain life attitudes and views. A mature person is guided in his actions by an individual value system. He occupies a respected position in society and is an object to be emulated; he does not give up his views even under the threat of violence. Such a person can contribute to the development of other members of society who take their example from him. An immature personality is characterized by the absence of a clear value system and a low level of social responsibility.
2. Adaptation .
   This is the degree of adaptation of a person to the life of society. With conflict adaptation, non-acceptance of social norms occurs, which leads to psychological tension and difficulties with self-realization. With average adaptation, a person fully gets used to the surrounding reality and functions more or less successfully in society. With a high level of adaptation, the individual not only adapts to the surrounding reality, but also successfully develops in the proposed conditions.
3. Adequacy . This is the acceptance and assimilation by a person of the norms and principles existing in society. An individual does not simply externally adjust his behavior to generally accepted models, but internally transforms himself in the process of socialization. People who are adequate from a social point of view are distinguished by a high level of morality and ethics.
4. Identity . This is the result of a person's self-identification. Having realized his “I”, an individual can compare the demands put forward by society and the opportunities provided with his abilities and desires. As a result, a mechanism for regulating behavior in society is developed, taking into account ideas about oneself.

What is a socio-psychological characteristic?

What is a socio-psychological characteristic? This is a set of social and psychological phenomena that explain the qualities, characteristics, properties of an individual, team, family, society, etc. Personal characteristics are determined by the psychological qualities of each component or social factors that influence it.

The characteristics of a group, family, team are determined by the psyche of each member, their relationships, common activities, religion, culture, upbringing, political situation and other factors.

Social characteristics of the family

It is better to prepare a conclusion for a child in two stages. First, the psychologist who conducted the examination processes the results of the tasks, discusses them and comes to certain conclusions about the level of development of cognitive activity, speech, emotional-volitional sphere, personality, behavior of the child and signs of originality in his development, and also decides on the nature of correctional assistance that can be provided to the child. The psychologist then formalizes the results obtained in the form of a written report. Such a conclusion is written in free form, but nevertheless, certain rules must be followed when writing it. Typically, the conclusion consists of three relatively independent parts.

The first part indicates the reasons for examining the child, the purpose of the examination, and the characteristics of the child’s behavior during the examination. Be sure to note the motivation to complete tasks, features of contact, methods of interaction with a psychologist, methods of completing tasks, the nature of the activity, reaction to encouragement, failure, remark

Particular attention should be paid to the child’s ability to use help productively, the types of this help, and the ability to transfer the solution found together with the psychologist to a similar problem. The presence or absence of verbal accompaniment of actions, the nature of statements, and the child’s ability to talk about his actions are noted.

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Uniting and achieving results

This is what collaboration means. Cohesion is a process during which a specific connection is formed between people, due to which they unite into a “single organism”. Everything, again, is done to achieve certain goals and results. Each of the group members is interested in this.

It is customary to distinguish levels of cohesion. And at the first stage, the development of emotional contacts usually occurs - the manifestation of sympathy and disposition of people towards each other, for example. The second level involves the process of convincing each person that his value system coincides with others. And the third is where the common goal is shared.

All this influences the formation of the so-called socio-psychological climate in the team, which contributes to maintaining a general mood, a decent level of performance and well-being.

Types

There are several main personality types:

• Socialized - which are adapted to the conditions of social life.
• Desocialized - who deviate from the requirements of society. These include marginalized individuals. The problem of the individual in this case is non-acceptance by society.
• Mentally abnormal are persons who have some delays in mental development, psychopaths. Here the personality problem is that people try to avoid such persons.

A socialized normal entity has a number of features. She has autonomy, assertion of her own individuality. If critical situations arise, the socialized nature retains its strategy and does not change its life principles and positions. If extreme situations and psychological breakdowns arise, such a nature can prevent the consequences by reassessing values. The concept of such a personality involves maintaining an optimal mood in any situation.

If an individual is mentally balanced, then he builds friendly relationships with other people and is altruistic in relation to their needs. When constructing life plans, a normal nature proceeds from reality and has a sense of honor and justice. She is persistent in achieving her goals and can easily adjust her own behavior. The sources of success or failure for her are herself, and not external circumstances.

If difficult situations arise, a well-developed individual is able to take responsibility and take reasonable risks. So, the human essence is something that has a consciousness of its own isolation, which allows it to be free from the dictates of power and remain calm under any conditions. Such personality abilities make it strong and contribute to further development. The core is spirituality, which is represented by the highest manifestation of human essence, commitment to morality.

Temperament as a psychological characteristic of personality

Definition 2

Temperament is a complex of psychodynamic properties of an individual, which are revealed in the characteristics of his mental activity.

Temperament seems to be the natural basis for the manifestation of psychological qualities of an individual.

The first typology of temperaments was formed by the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates, who characterized them depending on which fluid dominates in the human body.

• phlegmatic - balanced, strong, the type of nervous system is inert;
• sanguine - balanced, strong, type of nervous system is mobile;
• choleric - unbalanced, strong, type of nervous system is mobile;
• melancholic - the type of nervous system is weak.

The key psychological characteristics of temperament include:

• sensitivity (sensitivity), which reveals the picture of what the smallest force of external actions causes reactions in the individual’s psyche and what is the speed of this reaction;
• reactivity, demonstrating the level and intensity of an individual’s involuntary reactions to external and internal stimuli (threat, criticism, etc.);
• activity, which determines the level of performance, energy of an individual in activity, his ability to overcome obstacles, perseverance, focus, concentration on activity, etc.;
• the relationship between activity and reactivity, which reveals a picture of what the individual’s activity depends on - random internal and external factors, moods, random events or consciously set goals, life plans, aspirations, etc.;
• the pace of reactions, which determines the speed of movements, actions, speed of speech, speed of mental operations, etc.;
• extroversion;
• introversion;
• plasticity, which determines the ease of a person’s adaptation to unexpected and new circumstances, flexibility of behavior;
• rigidity, demonstrating an individual’s predisposition to inert behavior, ingrained stereotypes and habits of life, and manifestations of inertia.

Note 2

Thus, temperament belongs to the so-called genotypic aspects of personality, depends entirely on hereditary factors and does not change throughout life.

The impact of the individual on society

The role of the individual in the development of society is also high. Let's look at an example of how a person influences society:

1. A.V. Suvorov is a famous Russian commander, enjoyed great respect among the soldiers. He managed to win many battles in which the enemy army was several times larger than the Russian one. The soldiers loved and respected Suvorov so much that they went into any battle without fear, under his leadership. Thus, thanks to the personal qualities of a military leader, Russia won victories in many wars.
2. The famous inventor Henry Ford created an assembly line production of cars, thanks to which the car became an affordable means of transportation for many Americans.
3. Nicolaus Copernicus was the first to reject the idea that the Earth is stationary, suggesting that it rotates around the Sun and on its own axis. His works subsequently led to many different discoveries.

Thus, the influence of the individual on society and society on the individual are interconnected.

The concept of "Family"

Definition 1

The family is the basic unit of society, a social institution characterized by voluntary marriage, common life, and marital relations.

Man is a social being, therefore he always strives to be part of a group. Few people can derive pleasure from solitude, so people build close connections with other people. This circumstance is determined by the structure of the human psyche at the level of instincts. Thus, family is one of the ways to be with someone in this world.

Human ancestors, as scientists say, lived in large communities in which families gradually began to appear. Over time, the primitive family changed its organization, acquired new conditions of existence, and internal responsibilities.

Modern scientific trends interpret the definition of family differently; sociologists, for example, understand family as an association of several people related by blood or who have legitimized their relationship in the registry office. In their opinion, a family is a husband and wife. Moreover, a young couple, together with their parents and children, is also called a family.

In jurisprudence, a family is people who are officially married and live together.

Note 1

Combining these definitions, we can say that a family is a separate unit of society, confirmed at the state level, connected by a common way of life, similar goals, interests and worldview.

The family has its own characteristics:

• registered relationship between a man and a woman;
• living together and living together;
• jointly acquired material assets;
• close intimate relationships;
• joint children (spouses without children are also considered a family).

The family performs important functions and, above all, the birth of children in marriage, which ensures continuation of the family. Together, husband and wife create and accumulate material wealth, run a common household, which makes it possible to achieve a higher standard of living.

The educational function is very important; parents must instill moral values ​​in their children and teach them the rules of life in society. For the first time in the family, a little person learns what is good and what is bad, learns kindness, justice, responsibility, learns to appreciate support and provide it himself.

The family passes on accumulated cultural values ​​and family traditions to the child, thereby ensuring a connection between generations.

Note 2

The human psyche contains the desire to love and be loved, and if these important needs in the family are not met, the person suffers greatly.

Definition of personality in psychology

Personality in psychology is a set of characteristics of a person that determine his behavior and place in society. Society consists of many individuals, each of which is individual and unique.

Personality is formed over the years from a person’s habits and preferences, his emotional reactions, sociocultural experience and accumulated knowledge. The basis for the formation of personality is individual psychophysiological characteristics: the structure of the nervous system, type of temperament, hereditary traits. This is something that is given to a person from birth and that we cannot change in any way.

The personality is built on this foundation under the influence of the social environment. Sociocultural experience is refracted through the prism of individual characteristics, forming a stable psycho-emotional system.

The structure of modern social psychology

The socio-psychological structure depends on the areas of human activity, objects and research methods. One type of joint venture structure is as follows:

• SP of the individual;
• psychology of communication and relationships (interpersonal interactions);
• psychology of small groups;
• SP between groups (intergroup interaction);
• psychology of social phenomena and large public groups.

By the way! The course and nature of any of the listed types of interaction depend on the characteristics of human activity.

JV structure

Changes in the government system, internal politics and difficulties in the labor market have caused many citizens to feel a sense of uselessness and lack of demand. Consultation with a social psychologist is one of the steps to solve an individual problem with social adaptation.

Social and psychological characteristics of personality

Definition 1

A person is a conscious and active person who has the opportunity to independently choose the most suitable lifestyle for him.

Each personality has certain qualities (psychological and personal), which must be correctly understood and taken into account when interacting with a person.

The main personality traits are:

• temperament,
• direction,
• capabilities,
• character.

The personality of each person, as a member of a certain society, is influenced by the sphere of various relationships that develop in the process of human activity, consumption of material goods and personal development. That is, the process of formation of a person’s personality is directly influenced by political, social, economic and ideological factors.

It is especially necessary to note the influence on the psychology of personality of relationships between people within a certain social group, under the conditions in which a person exists. This is due to the fact that in the process of communication and interaction there is a mutual influence of one person on another, as a result of which a community is formed in social attitudes and views, as well as other attitudes towards work, society, people and one’s qualities.

Being in a group, a person occupies a certain status and gains authority among other members of the group, occupies a certain social position and plays roles in accordance with it.

Note 1

Thus, a person is not only an object of certain social relationships, but is also a subject of these relationships, acting as an active connecting link.

The process of formation and development of personality is associated with various factors, the main of which are:

• originality and individuality of human higher nervous activity;
• anatomical and physiological characteristics of a person;
• sphere of human activity;
• natural-geographical environment and society in which people exist;
• microenvironment and macroenvironment of the individual’s existence;
• socially useful activity, in the conditions of which the most important qualities of a person’s personality are formed and developed;

The influence of society on personality

Personality and social environment are inextricably linked. Its future depends on the environment in which a personality is formed. Seeing bad examples and irresponsible behavior in front of him, the child perceives this as a model. After some time, he may begin to behave the same way as his friends and people close to him. He may start drinking, smoking, stealing, without knowing that such behavior is the result of formed views on the world, the bad influence of his immediate environment.

Sometimes a person can fall under the bad influence of the social environment despite his desire. A schoolboy begins to smoke, fearing the ridicule of his classmates, who have long been addicted to cigarettes. A teenager decides to steal because of his friends’ obsessive persuasion to get easy money. An employee deceives his superiors after much persuasion from his colleague.

The positive influence of the environment on personality development is also manifested. Seeing before him examples of successful, happy and respected people, the child strives to imitate them and copy their behavior. Therefore, at school a lot of time is devoted to studying the biographies of national heroes, patriots, and outstanding personalities. A good example becomes an inspiration for work, creative activity, and activity in society.

Different structures of society have varying degrees of influence on the individual.

1. Parents and close relatives have the greatest influence when raising a child from infancy.
2. Second in terms of influence are school teachers.
3. They are followed by friends, acquaintances, colleagues.
4. The media play an important role (mass media: Internet, television, print media).

In addition, the individual is influenced by the socio-cultural environment characteristic of the state and the area in which he lives. So in Russia, the USA, India, Israel - the conditions for the formation of a personality are significantly different. Thanks to this, individual peoples and the population of different countries have their own distinctive character traits and individual characteristics.

Family characteristics: features, rules of composition and sample

• Physical and emotional development of the child. This is the defining role of the family, which in the early stages of development cannot be replaced by educational institutions.
• Formation of psychological gender. This usually occurs in the first three years of a child's life. It is believed that it is the father who tends to differentiate differences between the sexes more strongly. Therefore, the characteristics of an incomplete family determine that the child may have problems with sexual socialization in the future.
• Child's mental development. American researchers have found that the IQ of children from prosperous and disadvantaged children differs significantly. Accordingly, this same parameter affects cultural development.
• Mastering social norms.
• Formation of value orientations. This applies to family relationships, lifestyle, aspirations and goals, communication with others.
• Social and psychological support. It is the family that lays in the child’s mind the level of self-respect, self-esteem, as well as the desire for self-realization.

Description of family structure. It should be quite short and to the point. Attention should be paid to the security, stability, openness, and spirituality of the family

It is also important to understand and describe the roles within a given unit of society, as well as the hierarchy. Description of the psychological climate To do this, you will have to work on determining the psychotype of each family member. The report should contain their description, as well as conclusions about compatibility. Parental position

We are talking about describing the lifestyle of adult family members, their social status, and type of activity. If possible, it is worth mentioning their life goals and ways to achieve them. The child's position in the family. Determining the degree of trust in parents and other adult family members, the presence of goals and aspirations appropriate to age, the presence of ideas about self-realization, academic success, state of physical and mental health.

Basic personality types

One of the most popular personality typologies was developed by Swiss analytical psychologist Carl Gustav Jung. In his work as a practicing psychologist, Jung distinguishes two main personality types: extroverts and introverts. The typology differs depending on what a person is more focused on during his life: on external objects or on internal experiences. One can often mistakenly classify oneself as the opposite type due to the existing special tendency, which aims to compensate for one-sided actions.

One should also take into account the fact that each person contains the qualities of both an extrovert and an introvert, a certain combination of which represents a specific personality type. “Life is determined by consciousness” - this is exactly what can be said in the case of an extroverted personality type. “Consciousness determines life” is a more relevant principle for introverts.

It would be logical to strive to balance both types, but in real life this does not happen: there is always a certain “skew” in worldview and self-identification. As a result, a certain type is distinguished according to the method of predominance of one or another mechanism of interaction with the outside world.

Brief description of the socio-psychological situation in the family

Groups differ in the structure and nature of the relationships that exist directly between its members, in size, in subjective composition, qualitative features of values, rules and norms of relationships that are shared by participants, interpersonal relationships, content and goals of activity. The composition of a group, which is characterized precisely by its members, is called composition. And size is the quantitative composition, i.e. composition is a quality composition.

At primary school age, children develop certain formations - voluntary behavior. At this age, the child becomes more independent. He begins to absorb certain moral values ​​and tries to follow specific rules and laws. Often this can be associated with selfish needs, for example, attracting attention and approval from adults. Thus, the behavior of younger schoolchildren comes down to one dominant property - the motive for achieving success. It is necessary to assess whether the child is able to make an adequate assessment of his actions, whether he is able to overcome his desires. At this age, the child tends to actively think about his actions and hide personal experiences.

Basic theories of personality research

Sigmund Freud

According to Freud's psychological theory, a person's personality has three main components:

1. Id - “it”, i.e. all aspects inherent in nature and genetics, in particular, due to basic instincts.

2. Ego - a sense of one’s own “I”, which is in constant interaction with the outside world.

3. The superego appears as a kind of judge of activities and thoughts. Its functions are carried out by conscience, introspection and formed ideals.

Carl Gustav Jung

Jung in his medical practice was guided by an individual approach to each patient. Therefore, he began his work by establishing the patient’s character traits, the peculiarities of his psyche. He achieved this difficult goal with the help of a unique system - a typology of personalities. She served him as a map, helping to identify the specifics of the individual. Understand the prevailing psychological functions, what is the human relationship to the external world and to the internal world. Thus, Jung identified eight personality types and divided them into two groups - rational and irrational.

He considered the thinking and feeling types to be rational types. People belonging to it, in making decisions and making judgments, are guided by pre-formed views and beliefs, and perceive the world through the prism of attitudes of consciousness.

The scientist designated the sensing and the intuitive as irrational. People of these types are less guided by reason; they react to stimuli the way they react, without trying to squeeze into the framework of their own or others’ views. Direct experiences are important to them.

William James

The American pragmatic psychologist argued that man has continuous thinking and selective consciousness, emphasizing that life is the sum of various habits. He analyzed personality from three sides - the constituent elements (physical or material, social and spiritual), feelings and emotions (self-esteem), as well as actions caused by self-preservation and self-care.

James' personality formula states that cognition consists equally of attitude and behavior.

Alfred Adler

According to the principles of individual psychology of another scientist, an individual’s lifestyle is demonstrated through attitudes and behavior. At the same time, it is necessarily formed under the influence of society. According to Adler, personality has a single structure, and the fundamental factor in its development is the natural desire for superiority. Therefore, a person is divided into four main subtypes: socially useful, avoidant, receiving, managing.

Roberto Assagioli

In accordance with the psychosynthesis of this specialist, there are 8 zones in the basic structure of the human psyche. The lower unconscious begins the pyramid of substructures, and the subpersonality completes it. The meaning of the development of the psyche is to increase its unity.

Biological approach

The so-called type theory puts a key emphasis on the structure of the human body. For example, according to Kretschmer’s constitutional typology there is leptosomatic, alectic, picnic, dysplastic. And Sheldon classified personalities according to endo-, ecto- and mesomophic physiques.

Eduard Spranger

Another concept describes the human personality according to the form of knowledge of the world and spiritual values. This could be a theorist, economist, esthete, politician, and so on.

Gordon Allport

The opinion is based on the uniqueness of each individual in specific traits. The author of the theory believed that what is “own” in a person’s inner world is his unique distinguishing feature.

Kurt Lewin

The source of the driving forces of personality, according to Lewin, is hidden in the tandem of a person with a situation and is determined by his attitude to certain circumstances.

Phenomenological and humanistic theories

The main principle is a positive beginning in every person, the desire and realization of personal potential to the maximum. For example, one of the proponents of this approach, A. Maslow, put the human need for self-actualization in the first place.

Erich Fromm

Its adherents consider self-expression and manifestation of personal individuality to be the leading position in this concept.

Victor Frankl

The key points are freedom, responsibility, the meaning of life.

* * *

To sum up, we can confidently say that a person’s personality, both in the skeptical science of psychology and in the versatile practice of life, is multifaceted and unique, like the exclusive pattern of a tiny snowflake under a microscope. In our changing and far from ideal world, it is very important to preserve our own unique features and originality, values ​​and priorities.

Whatever the external circumstances, it is important to remember one main truth: I am a person, the whole world, the Universe, the endless Cosmos. And a real person should not adapt to the changing world, as the famous song says, or try to imitate someone, even if this person is a real star.

To achieve success in any aspect of life, it is important to be aware of your desires and aspirations, understand yourself and adequately assess your abilities. No one else can take the place in the sun intended for a specific person. Because every individual is one of a kind. And therefore unique.