Mental processes: types and brief description

Mental processes are a conditional division of the psyche into component elements that allow us to cognize the external and internal world. This is such a complex phenomenon and so little is known about it that there are quite a few definitions and interpretations of this phenomenon.

The development of mental processes occurs in specific conditions of interaction with the outside world: the special properties of our planet, the transition from winter to summer, changes in gravity and much more - put forward certain requirements for a person. Therefore, the psyche acts as a regulator of the body’s behavior.

The functions of mental processes depend entirely on the species. All mental processes can be divided into three types:

Cognitive:

perception;
memory;
thinking;
sensation;
imagination;
performance;
speech;
attention.

Emotional:

feelings;
emotions;
stress;
affects.

Strong-willed:

will;
goal setting;
decision-making.

There is also an inseparable interconnection of mental processes, which is expressed, for example, in the fact that memory is impossible without attention, perception is impossible without memory, and so on. Therefore, if you want to improve the functioning of your mental processes, it will be enough to develop several of them. For example, memory, imagination, emotions and will. However, your list may be completely different. In any case, it should not surprise you that by developing your attention, all other processes immediately “catch up”.

Study methods

In the field of psychiatry and cognitive science, the following methods are used to study the processes of memory, perception, thinking, attention and other functions:

Recognizing figures by touch and manipulating them tactilely (Seguin board).
Visual recognition of real, noisy, contour and defocused images (Poppelreiter test).
Perception of objects requiring visual-spatial processing (contour geographical map, schematic clock).
Recognizing familiar portraits of famous people.
Listening perception and assessment of rhythmic structures.
Detection of memory impairments (Pictogram technique).

It should be said that it is possible to identify a violation of the mental process only with the help of several methods, that is, problems need to be diagnosed in a complex manner.

The largest number of techniques explore thinking. The most famous is “Classification of Objects”, where it is possible to study various aspects of the thinking process. Also known: understanding the figurative meaning of metaphors and proverbs, solving arithmetic problems of varying degrees of complexity, comparing and defining concepts.

Now let's talk separately about the course of mental processes and states, their characteristics, properties and functions.

Where to start treatment

If you suspect the development of a mental disorder, the help of a psychiatrist is required. At the appointment, after a thorough examination, the doctor chooses how the patient will receive treatment:

outpatient;
in hospital;
dispensary registration.

According to Article 29 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, a patient can be hospitalized without the consent of him and his relatives in a hospital if his condition causes:

harming oneself and others;
inability to perform basic self-service actions;
deterioration of the condition if the patient is not hospitalized.

Previously, treatment of the mentally ill was not distinguished by humanism and delicacy. For example, in 1936, the Portuguese doctor Egas Moniz proposed a method of lobotomy. That is, the removal of some parts of the brain. After 20 operations performed, he announced the results. seven experimental subjects were completely cured of mental illness, another seven showed noticeable improvements. For the rest, the condition remained at the same level.

Surprisingly, this method has gained great popularity, and its author was even awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine.

Currently, therapy for the mentally ill is carried out in several directions and has a more gentle approach:

pharmacotherapy;
psychotherapy;
social rehabilitation.

Mental cognitive processes

Let's consider each process separately.

Perception

Perception is a holistic reflection of objects and phenomena in the totality of their properties and parts with their direct impact on the senses. It occurs in close relationship with other mental processes: first of all, with sensations that, with the help of sensors, collect information from the outside world, and secondly, with memory, will and attention. Perception is the interpretation of what our sensors have collected.

Perceptual properties include:

Structurality: an object is perceived by consciousness as a simulated structure abstracted from sensations.
Objectivity: objects are perceived not as an incoherent set of sensations, but as images that make up specific objects.
Constancy: constancy of perception of the same object.
Apperception: perception is influenced by the general content of the human psyche.
Selectivity: preferential selection of some objects over others (perception here works closely with attention).

Memory

Memory is a complex of cognitive abilities for the accumulation, preservation and reproduction of knowledge and skills. Memory is closely related to thinking, perception and sensations.

The main function of memory is to store information, which a person can then use for certain purposes. Without it, we would not have an identity.

The properties of memory include: volume, accuracy, speed of memorization and forgetting processes.

There are different typologies of memory:

By content: spatial, social, emotional, eidetic, sensory, verbal-logical, figurative.
By sensory modality: motor, visual, gustatory, auditory, olfactory, eidetic, pain.
By storage time: long-term, short-term, ultra-short-term.
According to the organization of memorization: declarative and procedural.
According to the presence of a goal: voluntary and involuntary.

Thinking

Thinking is the process of modeling the patterns of the surrounding world, the highest stage of human information processing. We can say that this is the final mental process that guides the personality.

With the help of thinking, a person can completely change his perception, imagination, attention, will and even sensations. The highest degree of human knowledge.

Basic characteristics of thinking:

Indirect cognition of objective reality: even on the basis of indirect information we can judge the properties of objects and phenomena.
Generalization of the reflection of reality: the transition from individual objects to the general.

Feel

Sensation is a mental reflection of individual properties and states of the external environment, subjects of external or internal stimuli with the participation of the nervous system.

Canonically, there are five types of sensations: smell, taste, touch, vision, hearing.

Properties of sensations:

Intensity: a quantitative characteristic of sensations.
Modality: qualitative description of sensations.
Duration: temporary characteristic of sensations.
Localization: spatial characteristics of sensations, information about the location of the stimulus in space.

Imagination

Imagination is a person’s ability to create images, ideas and ideas in the mind, as well as to manipulate them. The functions of imagination are to imagine in the head a sample of the future result of an activity in planning, searching for a strategy for solving problems.

Properties of imagination:

Dream: an emotional image of a desired future that is characterized by little knowledge of how to make it a reality.
Creativity: creation of new spiritual and material values.
Agglutination: the creation of new images based on “gluing together” parts of existing images.
Hallucination: unreal images that a person experiences during illness.
Emphasis: creating new images by highlighting and emphasizing certain features.

Performance

A representation is an image of a phenomenon or object that a person does not perceive here and now. It differs from imagination in that a person is simply trying to remember the image, and not come up with something new.

The functions of representation depend on the type of human activity: artists need to remember the desired image, musicians need to remember the desired melody or sound. Imagination helps to solve complex and imaginative problems, including creative ones.

View properties:

Fragmentation. The more attractive an object was to a person, the more detail he can imagine it.
Visibility. A person represents the image of a perceived object exclusively in visual form.
Generality. The image of an object has a certain information capacity.
Instability. The image can only be held for a certain amount of time.

Speech

Speech is a form of communication between people through linguistic structures. Inherently connected with thinking and presentation.

It helps convey important information to us, as well as convey socio-historical experience.

Properties of speech:

Clarity. Syntactically correct construction of sentences, the ability to correctly pause or place logical emphasis on the right word.
Content. The percentage of valuable words expressed in relation to those that are not valuable (the so-called “water”).
Effectiveness. The influence of speech on the thoughts, will and feelings of other people.
Expressiveness. Emotional richness, richness and variety of linguistic means.

Attention

Attention is the selective focus of perception on a particular object. It is very closely related to memory (some cognitive scientists believe that this is one and the same thing), as well as will.

With the help of will, a person can change his attitude towards an object and pay conscious attention to it, that is, highlight it from the rest. Attention helps a person to successfully navigate the world around him.

By the properties of attention one should mean: volume, direction, concentration, distribution, intensity, switchability and stability.

The structure of the human psyche.

Human consciousness and intelligence developed in the process of labor activity, which arose due to the need to carry out joint actions to obtain food during a sharp change in the living conditions of primitive man. We all know that the specific biological and morphological characteristics of a person are stable for many millennia; the development of the human psyche occurred precisely in the process of labor activity. Labor activity is productive; labor, carrying out the production process, is imprinted in its product, i.e., there is a process of embodiment, objectification of their spiritual powers and abilities in the products of people’s activity2. We can conclude that the material, spiritual culture of humanity is an objective form of embodiment of the achievements of the mental development of humanity.

The human psyche is complex and diverse in its manifestations. There are three large groups of mental phenomena (Appendix 1)3.

Mental emotional processes

Let's consider each process separately.

Feelings

Feeling is a human emotional process that reflects a subjective evaluative attitude towards abstract or real objects. Feelings manifest differently among people because they are influenced by their own set of individual traits and personality traits. Necessary for communication, friendship and understanding of other people.

Properties of feelings:

Content: reflection of various aspects, features of the meaning of the objects that cause them.
Sthenicity: sthenic feelings mobilize a person’s strength, encourage him to active activity (hate, love). Asthenic paralyzes and relaxes (contempt and fear).
Intensity: strength of feeling.
Valence: pleasant, unpleasant and ambivalent feelings.

Emotions

Emotions reflect a subjective evaluative attitude towards objects, phenomena, situations and people. With the help of will, a person can evoke any emotion that he deems necessary.

The properties of emotions completely coincide with the properties of feelings.

Stress

Stress is a set of adaptive reactions of the psyche to stressors.

There is positive (eustress) and negative (distress) stress. The difference is in intensity: the more of it in the psyche, the worse.

Affects

Affects are emotional processes of an explosive nature. In many cases they are considered a negative manifestation of the psyche, but in a threatening situation they can save lives.

Introduction.

The topic of this work, “Basic forms of manifestation of the human psyche,” is an important link in the study of human psychology within the discipline “Psychology and Pedagogy.”

Of course, this topic is relevant. In our world, it is necessary to have knowledge about the human psyche, because sometimes it is they that help us navigate this or that life situation. In a broader sense, such knowledge is actively used by specialists in various industries to solve, for example, problems of rational distribution of functions between a person and a computer, problems of designing automated workstations for specialists in various fields, problems of developing artificial intelligence systems, robotics and others.

It is very important that a person remains mentally healthy. But how to do this, sometimes being in unbearable conditions? In this work I would like to understand the concept of stress. If possible, list the main methods of combating this phenomenon and mention the criteria for a person’s mental health.

Purpose of the work: to study the forms of manifestation of the human psyche

To achieve the goal, the following tasks are set:

Understand the concept of the human psyche
Identify the components of the human psyche and give a description of each of them;

Mental volitional processes

Let's consider each process separately.

Setting a goal

Goal setting is the process of selecting one or more goals. Closely related to willpower and emotions.

Will

Will is the ability of a person to make a decision based on the thought process and direct his actions and thoughts in accordance with the decision made.

As follows from the definition, will is closely related to thinking and decision-making. But, besides this, without it conscious attention and developed memory are impossible.

Making decisions

Decision making is a mental process that is characterized by the use of willpower to set a goal and a firm intention to achieve it.

Classification of mental disorders

The human psyche requires correction and treatment when its condition differs from normal. At the same time they talk about mental disorder.

According to ICD 10, the following mental diseases are distinguished:

Organic mental disorders. These are mental disorders associated with damage to brain tissue. Its symptoms include affects, decreased cognitive function, dementia, delusions and hallucinations, catatonia, and emotional disturbances.
Schizophrenia and schizotypal disorders. These conditions are characterized by productive and negative symptoms. Productive ones include delusions, hallucinations, and mental disorders. Negative manifestations include poverty of emotions, poverty of speech, lack of will, pleasure, motivation and desire.
Affect disorders. Affect is a person’s expression of his emotions and feelings. The most common affective disorder is depression. It is accompanied by low mood and an inability to get pleasure. There are postpartum, alcoholic, seasonal, melancholic, acute, and minor forms. Other affective disorders include dysthymia (mood disorder) and manic-depressive syndrome.
Manic-depressive syndrome is accompanied by alternating episodes of depression and mania. Mania is the inverse opposite of depression. It is manifested by a pronounced increase in mood, motor agitation and accelerated mental activity. Manic syndrome is also distinguished as a separate pathology.
Neurotic disorders. Reversible changes in the psyche, accompanied by asthenic, obsessive syndromes, hysteria, as well as a decrease in mental and physical activity. These include neuroses, neurasthenia, obsessive-compulsive and anxiety disorders.
Behavioral disorders. This group of diseases includes eating disorders - anorexia, bulimia, sexual disorders, and desire disorders.
Pathological changes in personality and behavior in adulthood. These include paranoid, schizoid, dissocial, emotionally unstable, mixed disorders. Persistent personality disorder, pathology of habits, desire for arson and theft, violation of gender identity and sexual preference.
Mental retardation. It is characterized by a decrease in cognitive functions and manifests itself in mild, moderate and severe degrees.
Mental development disorders. It manifests itself in delayed speech development, counting, writing and reading skills, motor and psychomotor functions.
Emotional and behavioral disorders of childhood and adolescence.

Development of mental processes

When they talk about the development of mental processes in children, the first thing they distinguish is their age group.

From 2 to 6 years of age, the child develops mental processes. Parents can influence this if they coach them. Here are exercises you can give your children:

Place some toys on the table. The child must remember their location and presence. Then he closes his eyes and you remove or move one of them. He must say what has changed.
When your child has mastered this exercise, make it more difficult. Remove 2 or 3 toys.
The following game is suitable for developing thinking: place four pictures in front of the child, where three of them relate to a specific topic. The child must guess which one is extra.
When going to the store, give your child a list of products (3-4 to start with) to memorize. In the store he must remember them (long-term memory is trained).

If your child is 7-8 years old, he should be able to:

Find 10 differences between objects.
Complete the task without distraction for about 15-20 minutes.
Copy a movement or pattern exactly.
Complete tasks independently according to the proposed sample.
Be able to find identical objects.
Be able to sequence events and compose a coherent story using pictures.
Build a logical series from a specific group of objects.
Repeat verbatim sentences consisting of 7-8 words.

The mental processes of an adult are formed at the age of 16. But this does not mean that they cannot be trained and improved. In fact, thinking can and even needs to be developed throughout life. Therefore, in conclusion of the article, we suggest that you take one of our courses (or all of them):

Memory development
Logical thinking.
Emotional intellect.
Cognitive science

Also, be sure to practice by solving problems from our “Games, Challenges and Entertainment” section.

We wish you good luck!

We also recommend reading:

Storytelling
Sensations: what they are and what they are like
Exercises for memory development in preschoolers
Cognitive psychology and cognitive psychotherapy
Intelligence and its development: several recommendations
Two important laws of memory
Cognitive processes
Spheres of personality
Sensation and perception
Cognitive sphere of personality
Human attention: what it is and how it works

Key words:1Self-knowledge