Reasoning is understood as a type of thinking disorder in which the patient reasons a lot without any specifics or purposefulness, as well as with fruitless verbosity.
The best definition was given by Ivan Petrovich Pavlov: Reasoning thinking is a “tendency to fruitless philosophizing,” a “verbal tumor.”
At the same time, a person expresses himself using some complex logical constructions, uses rare abstract terms, often without understanding their true meaning.
When talking with a doctor, an ordinary patient strives to answer all his questions as fully as possible, so that from his answers it would be as easy as possible to determine the cause of the disease.
When reasoning, the patient talks a lot, but at the same time it seems that the aspect of the doctor’s understanding of his reasoning is in first place from the end of the list.
That is, he is interested in the process of reasoning itself , and not the final result, while the reasoning itself moves confusedly and without clear content. At the same time, there are frequent cases of abstract reflections with a complete separation from reality, which are combined with the primitiveness of the ideas expressed.
In the dictionary Dictionary of foreign words
a, m., shower.
1. A person who likes to conduct long discussions of a moralizing nature. Reasoning is a tendency to reasoning of this kind. Reasoner - characterizing the behavior of a reasoner.
2. A character in a play or novel, usually expressing the author’s attitude towards the events described. | In the literature of the 17th and 18th centuries, especially comedies, p. - an almost indispensable character who does not take an active part in the action and is called upon to admonish or denounce other heroes, expressing moralizing judgments from the author’s position.
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Interpretation options
Worth o is a multi-faceted term. For example, in psychopathology it denotes the loss of the ability and ability to think specifically. Reasoners do not pursue a specific goal, do not use any facts in their arguments, and are not able to draw clear and unambiguous conclusions.
There is another interpretation option. Only it concerns not psychology, but literature. Reasoning heroes are characters in a work who take virtually no part in the development of the plot or action. In other words, they are only witnesses who state what is happening. These heroes are most often found in classical and medieval theaters. However, the use of such characters reached its peak of popularity during the period of bourgeois literature. And the reasoners in such works were not just staters - in these characters the authors expressed objectivity and logic, criticizing through them the sad (at that time) reality. A striking example can be Chatsky from the work “Woe from Wit” - it is he who speaks out about the problems of government, realistically talking about life.
Examples of reasoning
You can see typical signs of reasoning if you ask such a person to explain the meaning of the proverb.
For example, analyzing the proverb “without effort, you can’t pull a fish out of a pond,” a healthy person will explain its essence simply: in order to achieve some result, you need to make an effort.
A person who is sick with reasoning will not stop at this explanation. He will begin to think about what gear is best to catch fish from the pond, at what time of year, how polluted the pond is with waste from a nearby factory, etc. As a result, a simple explanation will turn into a set of empty phrases and thoughts that are not related to the situation. The reasoner will get bogged down in them and by the end of the conversation will completely forget what was discussed.
Reasoning: causes of thinking disorders
The reasons for the appearance of reasoning may be disorders in the brain or mental disorders - schizoid or hysteroid.
The reason for the appearance of reasoning in people without mental disorders can be a difficult emotional situation. For example, an important exam. In healthy people this phenomenon is temporary. It will pass as soon as the stressful situation stabilizes.
In sick people, reasoning thoughts arise regardless of the situation or circumstances.
What are the characteristics of
The main sign of reasoning is the meaninglessness of reasoning. A person suffering from such a thinking disorder may use many smart words, the meaning of which he himself does not know. He wants to seem smart. His speeches are florid and can be replete with some facts and evidence that seem weighty and convincing to him. But, in the end, his verbosity does not lead to any result.
Classification of reasoning
Reasoning in psychology and psychiatry is usually divided into 3 types:
- Classic (schizophrenic). It manifests itself in the patient’s desire to tell the world some information. But during the broadcast, only empty phrases and abstract judgments are heard. The example with the proverb is a type of such a disease.
- Organic. This is a loud commentary on a particular process. Often occurs when there are difficulties in communication.
- Epileptic. This is obsessive teaching and moralizing. At first glance, this looks more like healthy reasoning. They arise in the process of communication.
How to find out the reasoner?
Such people have amorphous thinking. That is, without specific content. How do you know that a reasoner is standing in front of you? It's simple. Even when discussing simple everyday issues, it will be difficult for a reasoner to formulate his thoughts. In other words, they will even consider the purchase of pasta from the point of view of cosmology or philosophy. Although in reality, reasoners always reveal themselves quickly. After all, such thinking cannot but affect their lives, interests, hobbies and worldview. They are interested in strange things, they like things that seem wild and unacceptable to a normal, healthy person. In medicine this is called metaphysical intoxication.
So finding out the reasoner is not so difficult. It is much more difficult to understand him and avoid a conversation with such a person. People with such different mindsets simply cannot exist peacefully together, even for a minimal amount of time.
Characteristics of resonators
So, we should take a closer look at this concept in psychology. A reasoner is a person who simply cannot think concretely. Often his specific thinking is accompanied by excessive emotions, pathos, as well as expression, manifested in huge quantities. All this, of course, looks unnatural. Stilted speech, verbosity, and florid speech are characteristic features inherent in such a person, who is called a “reasoner.” Psychology and medicine treat this as a disease. In fact, this is true. Reasoning is one of the many types of thinking disorders. Scientists classified this disease as a motivational-personal group.
Types of reasoning for various mental pathologies
Reasoning is a disorder of mental activity, expressed in a tendency to complex, intricate reasoning that does not lead to a specific goal. Persons suffering from this disorder are eloquent and verbose, but operate with concepts superficially, turning to the direct lexical meaning of words, not paying attention to the nuances of their use and the meaning of the story. The reasoner does not need to be heard and understood; he speaks solely for the sake of the speaking process.
The tendency to reason often becomes a companion to such psychiatric diseases and disorders as:
- epilepsy;
- schizophrenia;
- oligophrenia;
- schizoid personality disorder;
- hysterical personality disorder.
According to research by T.I. Tepenitsyn, reasoning is a disorder not only of thinking, but also of the personality as a whole, and its occurrence is due to:
- affective thinking;
- the desire to bring everyday circumstances under some kind of “idea”.
Often, a reasoner can be distinguished not even based on the characteristics of his speech, but simply by intonation: everything is said pathetically, with a special meaning, significantly. In psychiatry, to diagnose this disorder, one is asked to explain a proverb, saying or catchphrase. Patients can bring Newton’s law to the proverb about the apple and the apple tree, or the idea of the unity of form and content to the saying “not all that is gold...”.
In patients with reasoning, there are no violations of the immediate mental or logical sphere. This syndrome is caused by changes in the personal and motivational sphere. Such patients are characterized by an increased need to express their personal qualities and self-affirmation.
Reasoning thinking can also occur in people without obvious signs of mental illness, if they have characteristic personality traits. In mental illnesses, the picture of personality characteristics is aggravated by disturbances in thinking, distortion of the value system and affective inadequacy of the patient.
Phenomenology
Reasoning is also called a verbal tumor. How do you even know that a person has this disorder? His speech is filled with overly pretentious and complex expressions, very abstract phrases, terms the interpretation of which the speaker himself does not understand, as well as various concepts that are not appropriate in a particular case. Perhaps these are the most recognizable signs. A reasoner is a person who is not interested in the final thought. He enjoys the direct process of presenting his ideas. Although the thoughts he expresses are difficult to call this concept. After all, an idea is something concrete, a prototype that exists in the human mind. The reasoner doesn’t have this, he just has a stream of words that are not related to each other in meaning.
Classification of reasoning
- special pathos;
- intonation during “small talk” in the context of a monologue;
- speaker's position (claims);
- evaluative vocabulary;
- increased attention to non-existent topics;
- verbal and emotional turns.
The disorder of the organic type is similar to the phenomenon in healthy people, since the verbal turns are intended for the interlocutor and the tendency to discuss manifests itself in difficult situations. A characteristic feature of organic reasoning is commentary speech, expressed in the form of loud speech.
It can manifest itself during sleep and is observed with damage to brain tissue, mental retardation. The organic type is the mildest variant of the pathology, but this type of reasoning is still unpleasant for others and uncontrollable. In the patient's speech one can hear notes of moralizing and elements of inappropriate pathos.
With the epileptic type of reasoning, the patient has a tendency to reasoning on moral topics, moralizing, and emotionally vivid statements. Just like the organic type, the epileptic type is similar to the reasoning of healthy people, manifests itself during dialogue and reveals a compensatory character. This type of disease develops with epilepsy. In this case, the speaker tries to be heard, but the speech remains too pretentious.
In psychology, there are the following types of reasoning, differing in the most attractive topics and features of speech:
- 1. Pedantic. Patients think in “patterns”, expressing their position in conversation pathetically, there is no humor or flat jokes are observed. They lack a sense of tact, but they have contacts with others, their judgments are pathetic.
- 2. Artsy. The patient expresses himself subtly and aesthetically, with characteristic mannerisms and autistic judgments.
- 3. Mannered and resonant. The individual’s thinking is characterized by irrationality and stereotyping, and there is a tendency to discuss the formal side of the problem. The reasoning does not contain rational aspects.
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Reasons for reasoning
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