Interpersonal communication - types and forms of interaction between people

“Communication” is one of the central categories in modern psychology and is on a par with such concepts as “personality”, “behavior” and “thinking”. Interpersonal communication is expressed in attempts to establish and further develop relationships between two or more persons. It involves the implementation of mutual influence on a certain regulation of the actions of all participants in the process, as well as on their individual behavior, intentions and views.

4) Business communication

- always pursues a specific goal and is usually strictly limited in time or divided into clear intervals. If the goal does not affect the individual himself, but concerns only his role, communication is reduced to a functional role. If the business goal is individualized, that is, a person has a business orientation in this particular case or considers corporate interests as his own, communication turns into interpersonal. In many cases, especially in conflict and crisis situations, role-based business communication is more effective than interpersonal communication.

Formation of interpersonal relationships

The development of interpersonal relationships is possible only under one condition - if the individual has the ability to establish contacts with people and find a common language with them. This is facilitated by ease and contact, trust and understanding, emotional attraction and acceptance, as well as the absence of a rigid program of manipulation and self-interest.

Interpersonal relationships ideally strive for trust, this includes the expectation of support and confidence that the partner will not betray or use the situation for harm.

In the process of trusting interpersonal communication, relationships deepen and psychological distance decreases. However, trust often develops into gullibility, which is expressed in the fact that an individual unreasonably believes a person’s word, despite pitfalls and disappointments.

We can distinguish types of communication based on their content:

• 1) Material communication - exchange of objects and products of individual activity.
• 2) Cognitive communication - exchange of knowledge, information, skills, including in the process of joint activities or during training.
• 3) Motivational communication - transferring to each other certain motives, attitudes, goals, readiness to act in a certain direction, updating certain needs. (Often found in advertising, as well as in various types of education - from raising children to developing the “corporate spirit” of a company.)
• 4) Conditional communication - an exchange of mental and functional states in which people influence each other, trying to bring a partner into a certain mental state - to evoke a certain emotion, attract or distract attention, cheer up, etc.

Ways to improve interpersonal communications

Any communication involves the interaction of people with each other. In order for every conversation to be successful, psychologists pay a lot of attention to the development of interpersonal communications. By adhering to the following rules during contact with an opponent, you can significantly improve interpersonal communications:

Learn to abstract yourself from psychological barriers, which are a significant obstacle to fruitful communication. Internal barriers can arise quite often during a conversation. You can avoid them by concentrating on important points during the conversation. Don't forget about good manners and charm. Many people have access to such a “superpower” as charisma, thanks to which they can get everything they need from communication without any problems. This trait is not exclusively an innate quality, which means that it can be developed. Say “no” to psychophysical clamps. Loose or too constrained body movements will become a signal to the interlocutor about the presence of psychological and physical abnormalities. Perhaps the opponent will not be able to give a clear definition of this state, but he will immediately sense that something is wrong. In this regard, the success of your conversation will be in great question.

To avoid such cases, it is important to be able to relax during a conversation and, of course, to train. Become a protégé. If among your friends or acquaintances there are people who are excellent at communication, then you should try to watch them and imitate

By adopting an already proven model of behavior, you can achieve significant success. Talk as much as possible, especially for very shy people. Conversations on abstract topics about which everyone can express their opinion can help save you from feeling embarrassed: about the weather, about gasoline prices or traffic jams. This simple secret will help improve interpersonal relationships. Communication implies active interaction between individuals, but we should not forget that all people are different, and the approach to each should be purely individual. By communicating daily on a variety of topics with those around you, be it a work colleague or a supermarket clerk, you will gain invaluable experience in communicating in different styles and increase your self-confidence. Master the art of asking questions. Scientific research has shown that asking the right question is half the solution to the problem. During the conversation, the correct and accurate question will be the one that the opponent wants to answer and think about. In order to get a communication partner to talk, it is worth using open-ended questions, which usually begin with the words “why”, “why”, “how”, etc. In addition, during the conversation it is important to soften the questions so as not to offend the interlocutor.

Types of communication can be distinguished by the means used:

• 1) Verbal - communication through speech, inherent only to humans, has the richest communicative capabilities, but nevertheless cannot completely exhaust all the needs of communication, since it is convenient mainly for cognitive communication.
• 2) Nonverbal - communication through gestures, facial expressions, signs, drawings, tactile, sound, olfactory and any other non-speech signals. It is most convenient for conditional communication, and to a lesser extent for motivational and material communication; it is of little use for cognitive communication, but in any case it can contribute to mutual understanding between partners. It is found not only in humans, but also in animals.

Interpersonal communication among young people

In adolescence and adolescence, an individual begins to form interpersonal relationships with parents, classmates, teachers, friends, representatives of all layers and groups of society. During this period, teenagers become irritable and intolerant. Some of them have a tendency towards aggression. They talk loudly and become emotional.

By the age of 16, most young people begin a period of self-affirmation and self-discovery. They perceive all events that occur critically. Problems of interpersonal communication in the youth community most often result from a lack of compassion and unwillingness to conform to accepted standards of behavior.

The concept and essence of communication

Communication is the process of human interaction with other people as members of society, carried out using means of speech and non-verbal influence and pursuing the goal of achieving changes in the cognitive, motivational, emotional and behavioral spheres of the persons participating in communication

Social relationships between people are realized in communication. During communication, its participants exchange not only their physical actions or products, the results of labor, but also thoughts, intentions, ideas, experiences, etc.

In everyday life, a person learns to communicate from childhood and masters its different types depending on the environment in which he lives and the people with whom he interacts. Moreover, this often happens spontaneously, during the accumulation of everyday experience. In most cases, this experience is not enough, for example, to master special professions (teacher, actor, announcer, investigator), and sometimes simply for productive and civilized interaction. For this reason, it is necessary to constantly improve the knowledge of its patterns, the accumulation of skills and abilities to take them into account and use.

Each community of people has its own means of influence, which are used in various forms of collective life. They concentrate the socio-psychological content of the lifestyle. All this is manifested in customs, traditions, rites, rituals, holidays, dances, songs, legends, myths, in the visual, theatrical and musical arts, in fiction, cinema, radio and television. These unique mass forms of communication have a powerful potential for mutual influence of people. In the history of mankind, they have always served as means of education, of including a person through communication in the spiritual atmosphere of life.

Man as a social being is at the center of influence of the entire set of manifestations and forms of communication.

Interesting about the psychology of communication

Communication, as psychologists say, is one of the basic human needs. Full development of personality occurs only in society. Children who experienced extreme social isolation during preschool years and were raised by animals are virtually unable to communicate meaningfully, despite years later spent in human society.

To interact effectively, you not only need to skillfully master speech and psychological techniques, but also learn to actively listen. People often interrupt their interlocutor because everyone assumes that they know what their partner is going to talk about. Practice shows that this is usually nothing more than our delusion. Therefore, it is important to give the opponent the opportunity to fully express his thoughts.

The skill of active listening is as important as the ability to convey your thoughts to your interlocutor.

Speaking and listening are the two most important and equally important skills of verbal competence. A sincere desire to achieve mutually beneficial cooperation is the foundation for successful communication.

Structure and functions of communication

Communication is characterized by: content, functions and means.

The specifics of interpersonal communication are revealed in a number of processes and phenomena: psychological feedback, the presence of communication barriers, communicative influence and the existence of various levels of information transfer.

The purpose of information exchange in communication is to develop common meaning and come to agreement. There are two types of communicative influence: authoritarian and dialogic communication. In the case of authoritarian influence, a “top-down” attitude is implemented; in the case of dialogic influence, an attitude toward equality is implemented.

The dissemination of information passes through a kind of trust-distrust filter. Such a filter acts in such a way that true information may be rejected, and false information may be accepted. In addition, there are tools that promote the acceptance of information and weaken the effect of filters. The combination of these means is called fascination. An example of fascination can be the musical, spatial or color accompaniment of speech.

The phenomenon of communication is monolithic and everything that defines it exists in an indissoluble unity, but researchers are still trying to isolate its individual elements. The study of the communication process has shown how complex and diverse this phenomenon is. For example, psychologists distinguish cognitive, emotional and behavioral components in the structure of communication.

Interpersonal relationship systems

In addition to the above types of relationships, there is also a systematic division into rational and emotional relationships, as well as parity and subordination. Let's look at them in more detail:

• Rational relationships. It logically follows that the basis and goal of this type of relationship is the intention to receive benefits. A rational system of relations implies a certain mutual benefit for all participants in the communication.
• Emotional social connections are based on personal preferences, based on sensory contacts, which may not always be positive. Along with friendship and love, emotional relationships also include enmity, antipathy, and hatred.
• Parity contacts - communication between a couple or a group of people in this category is based on equality. The basis of these interpersonal relationships is complete freedom of choice.
• Subordination relationships that have a clear hierarchy. For example, this could be communication between a boss and subordinates.

B.D. Parygin identifies 3 parameters of communication:

1) content and focus: communication can be identifying and isolating, promoting and opposing;

2) form: verbal and non-verbal communication, direct, interpersonal and indirect;

3) ways of connecting content and form in the process of communication: imitation, infection, persuasion.

B.F. Lomov defines the structure of communication through functions: information and communication; regulatory-communicative, affective-communicative.

G.M. Andreeva identifies three interconnected aspects of communication:

the communicative side of communication - consists of the exchange of information between people, the transfer and reception of knowledge, opinions, feelings;

the interactive side of communication - consists of organizing interaction between people, i.e. when participants in communication exchange not only knowledge, ideas, but also actions. For example, you need to coordinate actions, distribute functions or influence the mood, behavior, beliefs of your interlocutor;

the perceptual side of communication - which manifests itself through people’s perception, understanding and assessment of each other.

According to its purpose, communication is multifunctional.

Techniques for self-regulation of behavior

Self-regulation is the control of one’s own psycho-emotional state using certain thinking, images, body and breathing control.

Natural techniques are the simplest group of techniques that do not require additional effort or concentration. This may include:

• humor, laughter;
• positive perception (reproduction of pleasant images, events, scenarios, etc. in the head);
• relaxing movements (stretching, ongoing control of muscle tone, etc.);
• contemplation (observation of paintings, nature, interior elements, etc.);
• compliments to the interlocutor.

Self-regulation through breathing control is the use of special breathing techniques .

Such techniques affect the muscles, nerve center, blood circulation, etc.

For example, taking slow breaths, holding your breath, or yogic breathing allows you to quickly calm down and relax.

Methods associated with controlling muscle tone are based on the principle of conscious concentration . A person identifies clamps and blocks, after which, with a strong-willed effort, he eliminates overvoltage.

Self-regulation with the help of words is based on a person’s ability to formulate thoughts in language. The two most popular methods in this category are self-orders and self-programming.

An individual formulates certain attitudes and then mentally reproduces them in order to tune in to a certain state or result.

There are other effective techniques, such as art therapy, exercise sets, the use of associations, etc.

There are six functions of communication:

1) the pragmatic function of communication reflects its need-motivational reasons and is realized through the interaction of people in the process of joint activity. At the same time, communication itself is very often the most important need;

2) the function of formation and development reflects the ability of communication to influence partners, developing and improving them in all respects. By communicating with other people, a person learns universal human experience, historically established social norms, values, knowledge and methods of activity, and is also formed as a person. In general terms, communication can be defined as a universal reality in which mental processes, state and behavior of a person arise, exist and manifest themselves throughout life;

3) the confirmation function gives people the opportunity to know, approve and confirm themselves;

4) the function of uniting and separating people, on the one hand, by establishing contacts between them, facilitates the transfer of necessary information to each other and sets them up for the implementation of common goals, intentions, tasks, thereby connecting them into a single whole, and on the other hand, it can promote differentiation and isolation of individuals as a result of communication;

5) the function of organizing and maintaining interpersonal relationships serves the interests of establishing and maintaining fairly stable and productive connections, contacts and relationships between people in the interests of their joint activities;

6) the intrapersonal function of communication is realized in a person’s communication with himself (through internal or external speech, completed as a dialogue). Such communication can be considered as a universal form of human thinking.

The concepts of the structure and functions of communication are most directly related to various classifications of types and types of communication.

Relationship levels

Interpersonal connections differ in different depths and degrees of individual involvement in this process. These nuances allow us to distinguish 3 levels of relationships:

1. Perceptual. At this level, individuals perceive each other. They try to recognize and understand the individual traits, characteristics and other characteristics of their partner. Although relationships are just beginning, sometimes people immediately feel like or dislike from the first meeting.
2. Mutual attraction or repulsion. At the second level, the resulting feeling of sympathy makes people try to find out more about their partner. They try to find new features in another person. If individuals experience hostility towards each other, this emotion intensifies and develops into hatred.
3. Interactive. People who feel sympathy for their partner begin to actively communicate and look for common interests. Individuals who hate each other and cannot avoid contact also interact, but on the basis of conflicts.

These levels go through all interpersonal interactions. When a relationship reaches its maximum level of emotionality, feelings begin to wane. They become an attachment or a habit. And hatred is replaced by ordinary hostility.

Types and types of communication

Communication is extremely multifaceted and classifies on a variety of grounds: by nature, by content, goals, means, functions, types and forms, by place, by time, by areas of activity, by the degree of indirection, by direction, by depth of penetration, by types of subjects , according to professional characteristics, etc. and so on. Thus, by nature, communication is divided into productive (creative) and unproductive (formal), by goals - into utilitarian and non-utilitarian, by direction - into humanistic and manipulative, by forms of manifestation - into direct and indirect, formal and informal, by degree of sincerity - open and closed, by area of ​​activity - business, family, sports.

When communicating with each other, we listen not only to verbal information, but also look into each other’s eyes, hear the timbre of the voice, intonation, and see facial expressions and gestures. At the same time, words convey logical information to us, and gestures, facial expressions, and voice complement the information.

When receiving a written message, we see not only the words, but also the envelope, stamp, paper, location and highlighting of the text, and font. All this creates the impression of the letter, either strengthening the verbal content or weakening it.

When characterizing the psychological goals and properties of communication, the following types of communication .

"Contact of masks." In the process of communication, there is no desire to understand a person, his individual characteristics are not taken into account, therefore this type of communication is usually called formal. During communication, a standard set of masks is used that have already become familiar (severity, politeness, indifference, etc.), as well as a corresponding set of facial expressions and gestures. During a conversation, “common” phrases are often used to hide emotions and attitudes towards the interlocutor.

Primitive communication. This type of communication is characterized by “neediness,” that is, a person evaluates another as a necessary or unnecessary (interfering) object. If a person is needed, they actively come into contact with him; if they interfere, they “push him away” with harsh remarks. After receiving what they want from a communication partner, they lose further interest in him and, moreover, do not hide it.

Formal-role communication. In such communication, instead of understanding the personality of the interlocutor, they make do with knowledge of his social role. In life, each of us plays many roles. A role is a way of behavior that is set by society, so it is not typical for a salesman or a savings bank teller to behave like a military leader. It happens that during one day a person has to “play” several roles: a competent specialist, colleague, manager, subordinate, passenger, loving daughter, granddaughter, mother, wife, etc.

Business conversation. In this type of communication, the personality characteristics, age, and mood of the interlocutor are taken into account, but the interests of the case are more important.

Social communication. Communication is pointless, people say not what they think, but what is supposed to be said in such cases. Politeness, tact, approval, expression of sympathy are the basis of this type of communication.

Types of interactions

Interpersonal relationships are also divided into several types. Each variety has its own characteristics.

Main types of interpersonal relationships:

1. Familiar. This type of interaction is considered the most extensive and includes many people from the environment. This type of connection even includes people who are familiar to a person only visually.
2. Buddies. Such connections are based on mutual affection, as well as the desire of both parties to spend time together and maintain relationships.
3. Comrades. The participants in these relationships are united by common activities. Individuals who maintain companionship have a common goal that they wish to achieve in the group.
4. Friends. Forming these relationships requires a lot of time, effort and certain personal qualities. Such connections bring great benefits to a person emotionally. In addition, friends provide each other with moral support and try to help in various matters.
5. Love relationship. Harmonious connections develop against a favorable background and also require a lot of effort and time. Love is a powerful driving force that not everyone can comprehend. The formation of love relationships depends on the individual characteristics of individuals and the ability to find a suitable partner.

The building of any interpersonal connections depends on the people themselves. If a person understands his responsibility for interacting with another person, this shows the importance of the relationship itself.

Experts identify the following forms of communication.

Direct communication is historically the first form of communication between people. It is carried out with the help of organs given to man by nature (head, hands, vocal cords, etc.). On its basis, in later periods of the development of civilization, various types of indirect communication arose. Direct communication is the most complete type of interaction because individuals receive maximum information.

Indirect communication is interaction with the help of additional special means and tools (a stick, a footprint on the ground, etc.), writing, television, radio, telephone and more modern means for organizing communication and exchanging information.

Direct communication is a natural “face-to-face” contact, in which information is transferred personally from one interlocutor to another according to the principle: “you - to me, I - to you.”

Indirect communication involves the participation in the communication process of an “intermediary” through whom information is transmitted.

Interpersonal communication is associated with direct contacts of people in groups or pairs with a constant composition of participants. It implies knowledge of the individual characteristics of the partner and the presence of joint experience in activities, empathy and understanding.

A special type of communication is mass communication, which determines social communicative processes. Mass communication is a multitude of direct contacts between strangers, as well as communication mediated by various types of media (television, radio, magazines, newspapers, etc.). Mass communication can be direct and indirect. Direct mass communication occurs at various rallies, in all large social groups: crowd, public, audience. Indirect mass communication is most often one-way in nature and is associated with mass culture and the means of mass communication.

There are also interpersonal and role-based communication. In the first case, the participants in communication are specific individuals who have specific individual qualities that are revealed in the course of communication and the organization of joint actions. In the case of role-based communication, its participants act as bearers of certain roles (buyer-seller, teacher-student, boss-subordinate). In role-based communication, a person is deprived of a certain spontaneity of his behavior, since certain of his steps and actions are dictated by the role he plays. In the process of such communication, a person no longer manifests himself as an individual, but as a social unit performing certain functions.

Communication can be confidential and conflictual . The first is different in that during its course, particularly significant information is transmitted. Confidence is an essential feature of all types of communication, without which it is impossible to carry out negotiations or resolve intimate issues. Conflict communication is characterized by mutual confrontation between people, expressions of displeasure and mistrust.

Communication can be personal and business . Personal communication is the exchange of informal information, and business communication is the process of interaction between people performing joint responsibilities or involved in the same activity.

In accordance with the established tradition, in domestic social psychology there are three different types of interpersonal communication in their orientation: imperative, manipulation and dialogue.

Imperative communication is an authoritarian, directive form of interaction with a communication partner in order to achieve control over his behavior, attitudes and thoughts, forcing him to certain actions or decisions. The communication partner in this case acts as a passive party. The ultimate unveiled goal of imperative communication is coercion of a partner. Orders, regulations and demands are used as means of exerting influence.

The following areas of activity are identified where imperative communication is used quite effectively: superior-subordinate relations, military statutory relations, work in extreme conditions, in emergency circumstances. We can also highlight those interpersonal relationships where the use of the imperative is inappropriate. These are intimate-personal and marital relationships, child-parent contacts, as well as the entire system of pedagogical relations.

Manipulative communication is a form of interpersonal interaction in which influence on a communication partner in order to achieve one’s intentions is carried out covertly. At the same time, manipulation presupposes an objective perception of the communication partner, while the hidden desire is to achieve control over the behavior and thoughts of another person.

In manipulative communication, the partner is perceived not as a holistic, unique personality, but as a bearer of certain properties and qualities “needed” by the manipulator. However, a person who chooses this type of communication with others as his main one often ends up becoming a victim of his own manipulations. He also begins to perceive himself fragmentarily, switching to stereotypical forms of behavior, guided by false capelin and goals, losing the core of his own life.

Manipulation is used by dishonest people in business and other business relationships, as well as in the media when the concept of “black” and “hero” propaganda is implemented. At the same time, the possession and use of means of manipulative influence on other people in the business sphere, as a rule, ends for a person with the transfer of such skills to other areas of relationships.

Relationships built on the principles of decency, love, friendship and mutual affection are the most damaged by manipulation.

Combined together on the basis of common characteristics, imperative and manipulative forms of communication constitute different types of monologue communication, since a person who views another as the object of his influence essentially communicates with himself, without seeing the true interlocutor, ignoring him as a person. In turn, dialogical communication is an equal subject-subject interaction aimed at mutual knowledge and self-knowledge of communication partners. It allows you to achieve deep mutual understanding, self-disclosure of partners, and creates conditions for mutual development.

Culture

The culture of interpersonal communication is based on a system of knowledge, norms, values ​​and patterns of behavior established in society . The individual assimilates all these elements in the process of socialization, and then uses them in business and emotional communications.

The culture of interpersonal communication implies the ability to correctly perceive an opponent, the ability to interpret his words and behavior, and build a behavioral strategy based on the characteristics of the interlocutor.

An important concept in the issue of communicative culture is the “appropriateness” of the means and behavioral patterns used . For example, if you can make demands with subordinates and use an imperative tone, then when communicating with friends it is appropriate to use formalities and instructions.

Communication as a form of interpersonal interactions comes to the fore in conditions of dependence on social contacts (working with people, direct dependence on stronger, more influential or resourceful members of society).

In such situations, communication culture affects well-being, financial and professional prospects .

G.A. Kovalev gives his classification of types of communication based on a three-component model of communication.

In the process of communication, the exchange of information between its participants is carried out both at the verbal and non-verbal (non-speech) level.

Nonverbal communication is communication without words and often occurs unconsciously. It can complement and strengthen verbal communication or contradict it, weakening it. Although nonverbal communication is often an unconscious process, it can be controlled to achieve the desired effect.

Nonverbal communication is the most ancient and basic form of communication. Our ancestors communicated with each other using body tilt, facial expressions, voice timbre and intonation, breathing rate, and gaze. Even now we often understand each other without words.

Verbal (verbal) communication arose along with abstract (logical) thinking. In this aspect, these two types of thinking have fundamental differences.

We easily convey emotions and feelings without words. Without words, we can ask to perform simple actions, for example, calling someone. Transmitting complex information, as well as performing complex work together, requires communication using words. Verbal communication relies on language and grammar and can involve both spoken and written language.

We easily convey emotions and feelings without words, for example, without words we can ask to perform simple actions, that is, call someone. Transmitting complex information, as well as performing complex work together, requires communication using words.

Nonverbal communication is not as structured as verbal communication. There are no generally accepted dictionaries and rules for the arrangement (grammar) of gestures, facial expressions, and intonation, with the help of which we are able to unambiguously convey our feelings. Nonverbal communication is usually spontaneous and unintentional. Nature gave it to us as a product of many millennia of natural selection.

Therefore, nonverbal communication is very capacious and compact. By mastering the language of nonverbal communication, we acquire effective and economical language, for example, by blinking an eye, nodding our head, waving our hand, we convey our feelings faster and better than we could do with words.

We can convey our feelings and emotions without words.

Summing up

It should be noted that the above types of communication can very rarely occur in life in a solitary form. They mix with each other, forming a new species. Each type of communication is necessary for the proper formation of human society. While in society, a person must be able to communicate correctly with others and behave like a full-fledged, healthy person.

In order to find a common language with the outside world, you need to be aware of what type of communication is acceptable in a particular area.

Nonverbal language is also used in verbal communication, and with its help we:

we confirm, explain or refute information transmitted verbally;

— transmit information consciously or unconsciously;

- express our emotions and feelings;

— we regulate the course of the conversation;

— control and influence other persons;

— we make up for the lack of words.

When talking with a partner, we see his facial expressions, gestures that tell us what our interlocutor really thinks and feels. Non-verbal language helps us form a clearer and more adequate opinion about our partner: for example, tapping our fingers on the arm of a chair indicates nervous tension, and clenched hands indicate closedness.

Thus, communication is a complex process of interaction between people, consisting of the exchange of information, as well as the perception and understanding of each other by partners.

Conclusion

So, communication is the interactions and relationships that arise between various subjects: between individuals, an individual and a group, an individual and society, a group (groups) and society.

Communication is an extremely subtle and delicate process of interaction between people. In communication, the individual characteristics of all participants in this process are revealed in the most diverse way. The key words in understanding the essence of communication are: contact, communication, interaction, exchange, method of unification.

Communication has its own functions, means, types and types, channels, phases. Communication is extremely diverse in its forms and types (direct, indirect communication; interpersonal and mass communication; interpersonal and role-based communication, etc.).

Researchers pay special attention to two aspects (types, languages) of communication - verbal (speech) and nonverbal (non-speech).

Modern means of mass communication have contributed to the emergence of new areas of research into specific forms of communication of various types (telephone, television, radio, Internet, etc.).

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The concept of “interpersonal relationships”

Each of us has our own principles, life values, moral principles, priorities and outlook on life. The interaction of one person with the people around him, the ability to establish connections with them is called interpersonal relationships.

There is a concept called “Donbar number”, which denotes the maximum comfortable number of connections for a person. Its value ranges from 100 to 230, with an average of 150 contacts.

Life in society is different, and therefore relationships are varied. Their variety depends on many factors and is classified into the following types:

• informal\formal;
• business\personal;
• practical\emotional;
• subordination\parity.

Let us consider each type of interpersonal relationship in detail below.